Exam 2 - Large Intestines

Question 1

what is outlined in blue?

Answer 1

normal colon

Question 2

what is the white arrow pointing to?

Answer 2

cecum

Question 3

what is the white arrow pointing to?

Answer 3

cecum

Question 4

what direction does the object pointed to in white run?

Answer 4

caudal to cranial

Question 5

what is this?

Answer 5

ascending colon

Question 6

what part of the colon runs perpendicular in cranial abdomen?

Answer 6

transverse colon

Question 7

what are the general causes this appearance? what is the condition?

Answer 7

mixed gas & poorly formed feces

colitis

Question 8

what inflammatory differentials can cause this radiographic appearance? what infectious processes?

Answer 8

inflammatory
- pancreatitis
- dietary indiscretion

infectious
- parasites
- viral enterocolitis

Question 9

how would you measure this cat if you’re suspicious of megacolon?

Answer 9

ratio of the colon to the length of L5

if <1.28, normal
if >1.48, megacolon

Question 10

how would you measure this dog if you’re suspicious of megacolon?

Answer 10

ratio of the colon to the length of L7 - less firm for dogs

Question 11

what organs should you consider for pathology if there is displacement of the colon & rectum?

Answer 11

medial iliac lymph nodes

urinary bladder/prostate gland

perineal hernia

Question 12

why may the medical iliac lymph nodes be enlarged & causing displacement of the rectum & colon?

Answer 12

infiltrative disease - neoplasia, fungal

reactivity to primary disease elsewhere

lymphadenitis

Question 13

why may the urinary bladder/prostate cause displacement of the rectum & colon?

Answer 13

enlarged due to urinary obstruction, prostatic neoplasia in neutered dogs, prostatitis in intact dogs, & prostatic hyperplasia in intact males

Question 14

what animals are over-represented with perineal hernias?

Answer 14

intact male dogs

Question 15

what causes perineal hernias?

Answer 15

weakening or complete failure of musculature of the diaphragm of the pelvis - these muscles help keep abdominal contents from entering the rectum/pelvic canal

Question 16

what is suspected of causing displacement of the rectum/colon?

Answer 16

severely enlarged medial iliac lymph nodes

Question 17

in this 7 year old, male intact bulldog with tenesmus & straining, what is suspected of causing displacement of the rectum/colon?

Answer 17

enlarged prostate

Question 18

what is this? what is it associated with causing in regards to the colon/rectum?

Answer 18

bilateral perineal hernia

displacement of the rectum/colon

Question 19

in this 10 year old, female spayed doberman with intermittent bloody diarrhea, what is seen on the radiograph that could be causing these clinical signs?

Answer 19

colonic mass

Question 20

this 8 year old german shepherd presented for anorexia - a mid-abdominal mass with intralesional gas is seen on the radiograph. what is suspected?

Answer 20

cecal mass

Question 21

what is this ‘sign’ called? what pathology is it consistent with? differentials?

Answer 21

meniscal sign

intussusception

gi parasites, foreign body, enteritis (parvo), masses, & prior surgery

Question 22

what are the labeled structures?

Answer 22

star - intussusceptum

lightening bolt - intussuscipiens

Question 23

what is the flow of ingesta in the horse?

Answer 23

cecum - right ventral colon - sternal flexure - left ventral colon - pelvic flexure - left dorsal colon - diaphragmatic flexure - right dorsal colon - transverse colon - descending colon

Question 24

what 2 gi conditions can be diagnosed radiographically in the horse?

Answer 24

sand colic & enteroliths

Question 25

what is the pictured?

Answer 25

sand colic in the horse

Question 26

what is this pictured?

Answer 26

enteroliths