Exam 2 - GI Ultrasound Flashcards
from top to bottom, name the layers seen on a normal ultrasound of the gi tract?
- serosa
- muscularis
- submucosa
- mucosa
- mucosal surface
in terms of echogenicity, describe the normal appearance of:
1. serosa
2. muscularis
3. submucosa
4. mucosa
5. mucosal surface
- hyperechoic, thin
- hypoechoic, thin
- hyperechoic
- hypoechoic, thick
- hyperechoic, thin
what is this structure seen on ultrasound? what is the normal wall thickness in dogs & cats?
stomach
3-5mm in dogs
2mm in cats
what are the differences seen between the two stomachs seen on ultrasound?
rugal fold present in the photo on the left
no rugal folds seen on the image on the right because the stomach is more full
label the structures 1-3
- pyloric antrum
- duodenum
- liver
between the duodenum, jejunum, & ileum, list from thickest to thinnest
duodenum: <5mm in dogs, 2-4mm in cats
ileum: 2-3mm
jejunum: 2-3mm
what is the normal colon thickness on ultrasound for dogs & cats?
dogs: 1-2mm
cats: 1.5-2mm, <1.7mm
what is this ultrasound image of?
normal colon
what is this ultrasound image of?
normal transverse image of duodenum
in this ultrasound of the colon, what are the blue & green arrows pointing to?
blue arrow - gas in the colon
green arrow - feces in the colon
what may be seen on ultrasound for an animal with a gastric foreign body?
hyperechoic interface, strong/clean distal acoustic shadowing, & surrounded by fluid
what is this ultrasound image indicative of? why?
gastric foreign body
hyperechoic interface with distal strong/clean acoustic shadowing
what is seen in this ultrasound image of the stomach in an 11 year old dog with a distended abdomen?
thickened gastric wall
layers remain but are less distinct
in this ultrasound image of the stomach in a dog that has been vomiting for 3 days, what are you concerned about? why?
gastric ulcer
ulcer crater, defect in the mucosal layer, & hyperechoic crater/gas within the wall
what would be seen on ultrasound in an animal with a pyloric outflow obstruction due to congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
circumferential thickening & thickening of the muscularis layer
what would be seen on ultrasound in an animal with a pyloric outflow obstruction due to chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy?
muscularis or mucosal layer is thickened
what is the big sign seen on ultrasound that leads you to concern about a pyloric outflow obstruction?
fluid dilated stomach
a 10 year old dog presents with chronic vomiting, and this is seen on ultrasound. what are you thinking?
broad based mass in the antrum through the pylorus & into the duodenum with the muscularis layer preserved deep to the mass
cancer
what is this?
corrugation of the small intestines
what is the common ultrasonographic appearance of a foreign body intestinal obstruction?
dilated small intestines orad to the foreign body & non-dilated small intestine aborad to the foreign body with distal acoustic shadowing
if you have an animal with a linear foreign body, what may be seen on ultrasound?
plication, hyperechoic line, & less severe dilation
what is seen on this ultrasound of the intestines?
plication
what is this image of?
intussusception
what are 3 general causes of intussusception?
parasitism, foreign bodies, masses/nodules
what layers of the intestine are thickened as indicated by the blue & white arrows?
blue - mucosal
white - muscularis
there are linear hyperechoic striations seen in the mucosal layer of the intestines - 3 differentials?
lymphangiectasia
IBD
post-prandial change
what are some differentials for diffuse intestinal wall thickening?
enteritis, IBD, lymphangiectasia, muscularis hypertrophy, lymphoma, & round cell neoplasia
what are some differentials for focal loss of intestinal wall layering?
neoplasia
abscess
granuloma
what are the cancers associated with causing focal-loss of intestinal wall layering in the dog?
adenocarcinoma
lymphoma
leiomyosarcoma
what are the cancers associated with causing focal-loss of intestinal wall layering in the cat?
lymphoma
adenocarcinoma
mast cell
this ultrasound image is of the colon, and it’s a benign lesion. what is it?
rectal polyp
the blue arrows are pointing to the walls of the colon showing diffuse thickening. what are some differentials?
inflammatory - colitis
lymphoma - can be more severe & see loss of layers
