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Bio 189 > Exam 2 IiClicker > Flashcards

Exam 2 IiClicker Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Development
Reproduction
Repair

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2
Q

Do bacteria perform mitosis?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the approximate length of DNA in a human cell?

A

6 Ft

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4
Q

How do you identify the number of chromosomes?

A

Count the number of centromeres

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5
Q

How do you determine the number of chromatids?

A

Count each half of a whole chromosome

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6
Q

The stage in which all chromosomes are lined up in the middle is what phase?

A

Metaphase

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7
Q

What is the phase between G1 and G2?

A

S phase

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8
Q

In the phase where each chromosome is composed of 2 chromatids in preparation for mitosis is?

A

G2 Phase

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9
Q

How does a nucleus in G2 differ from G1?

A

G2 has double the amount of DNA

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10
Q

What is the major event that takes place in the S phase?

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

What is the enzyme required for copying DNA during the “S” phase?

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

What is the important difference between animal and plant cell diffusion?

A

Cell plate formation

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13
Q

How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ?

A

Mitosis serves to equally divide a cell’s genetic material into two portions; Cytokinesis is the physical separation of parent cells in to daughter cells

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14
Q

Chromatin is a series of entangles threads composed of?

A

DNA and histones

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15
Q

At the milestone that defines telophase, the chromosomes….

A

Are at opposite poles

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16
Q

What happens when a pair of sister chromatids DO NOT separate during Anaphase of Mitosis?

A

One cell will have an extra chromosome and the other will lack one chromosome

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17
Q

In some simple single-celled Eukaryotes, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis and produces what?

A

Cells with more than one nucleus

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18
Q

Many antibiotics work by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes. These antibiotics…

A

Stop translation by inhibiting ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the relatinship between DNA and proteins?

A

DNA stores the information needed to make proteins

20
Q

How many different types of amino acids can be found in proteins?

A

20

21
Q

WHat is a codon?

A

A 3 base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

22
Q

In the message strand reads 5’-CGT-‘3 what will be the corresponding codon in mRNA?

A

5’-CGU-‘3

23
Q

Translation of mRNA into protein always starts at….

A

AUG codon

24
Q

The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is?

A

Methionine

25
Q

tRNAs will move from A site to P site to the E site during protien synthesis, these sites are found in?

A

The large ribosomal subunit

26
Q

In the sequence of events during translation, what is the next step after an mRNA binds to the ribosome’s small subunit?

A

tRNA binds to the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins the ribosome.

27
Q

In the sequence of events during translation, what is the next step after an amino acid on the tRNA is in the P site is linked to an amino acid on the tRNa in the A site?

A

The ribosome shifts down the mRNA by one codon.

28
Q

Ribosome’s can run in reverse to synthesize mRNA from proteins T/F

A

False

29
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin benson cycle with?

A

ATP and NADPH

30
Q

Bean plants in a controlled environmental chamber were supplied with radioactive H2 18O. Identify the product of photosynthesis that contained the Oxygen-18.

A

Oxygen; Molecular oxygen of light reaction

31
Q

What is the evolutionary development that allows succulent plants (cacti, pineapples, orchids) to avoid photorespiration?

A

Stomata are closed during the day in order to conserve water and open during the cooler nighttime hours allowing uptake and fixation of CO2 into organic acids. During the day, CO2 is released from the organic acids and the Calvin Benson cycle proceeds.

32
Q

What 3 events occur during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Oxidation of water
Reduction of NADP+
Formation of ATP

33
Q

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis begins when an excited pigment molecule….

A

Undergoes an oxidation reaction

34
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___ and the Dark reactions occur in the ___ of the chloroplast.

A

Thylakoid membranes; Stroma

35
Q

During photosynthesis plants use light energy to synthesize glucose (C6H12O6) from carbon dioxide (CO2). However, plants do not use up energy during phtosynthesis; they merely convert it from light energy to chemical energy. This is an illustration of?

A

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

36
Q

An overall result of photosynthesis in plants is the use of electrons from water to reduce?

A

Carbon Dioxide

37
Q

Where does transcription in the eukaryotic cell occur?

A

Nucleus

38
Q

Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from?

A

Electron Transport chain (32)

39
Q

For glycolysis to continue, all cells require?

A

NAD+

40
Q

NAD+ is the ___form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADH is the ___ form of the same molecule.

A

Oxidized; Reduced

41
Q

Why do biologists hypothesize that glycolysis was either the first or derived from the initial catabolic pathway?

A

Present in all 3 domains of life

42
Q

In the 3rd reaction of glycolysis, phosphofructokinase adds a phosphate (P04) to a fructose-6-phosphate, forming fructose-1,6 biophosphate. what is an allosteric enhancer for this reaction?

A

AMP (adenosine monophosphate

43
Q

More free energy is released during the citric acid cycle than glycolysis but only 1 molecule of energy (GTP) is produced for each turn. What happens to most of the remaining free energy that is released during the citric acid cycle?

A

Trapped as reduced coenzymes like NADH

44
Q

During cellular respiration what reduces?

A

Both glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2) become reduced

45
Q

People with Oxidative Phosphorylation disorders have a lack of energy that can lead to diminished function of nerve and muscle cells. The organelle most likely to be altered in Oxidative Phosphorylation disorders is the?

A

Mitochondrion

46
Q

What happens to the oxygen we inhale and where does the carbon dioxide we exhale comes from during cellular respiration

A

Oxygen is used to produce ATP from the food we eat by serving as the terminal acceptor in the electron transport chain. During aerobic respiration food molecules are catabolized and card on dioxide is released.

Bio 189 (7 decks)

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