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Bio 189 > CH 9 Mitosis and Cytokinesis > Flashcards

CH 9 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Reproduction
Development
Repair

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of chromosomes (Nuclear material)

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3
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

Physical splitting of single cells into 2

-Division of cytoplasm

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4
Q

What does the Eukaryotic cell cycle consist of?

A 
G1
S phase
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
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5
Q

What happens in the G1 step of the cell cycle? (1st step) (Gap 1)

A

Cell is growing/Normal functions

Gap 1 no physical difference

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6
Q

What happens in S Phase? (2nd step)

A

DNA polymerase copies DNA

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7
Q

What happens in the G2 step of the cell cycle? (3rd step) (Gap 2)

A

DNA replication is done and is carrying out functions to prepare for mitosis

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8
Q

What happens in Mitosis (4th step of the cell cycle)?

A

2 copies of DNA move to opposite sides of cell

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9
Q

What happens in cytokinesis (5th step)?

A

Cell physically splits into 2 then are back in G1 phase

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10
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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11
Q

If you take all DNA in one cell and extend it, how long would it be?

A

6 Ft

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12
Q

When is a chromosome in the “X” structure?

A

During mitosis (4th step)

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13
Q

Why is it necessary to supercoil DNA?

A

Easier to move around during mitosis
DNA would get snagged and break
Daughter cells wouldn’t have all DNA

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14
Q

What does chromatin consist of?

A

DNA and Histone protein

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15
Q

Where is a centromere located?

A

(Structural) In the center; It is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids
-Where chromatids are pinched together

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16
Q

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

A

Chromatin is unwound DNA that looks like a bowl of spaghetti; Chromosomes are tightly wound DNA in an “X” shape

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17
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Half of the chromosome

1 of the 2 sides

18
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

(Protein) associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division

19
Q

What is a telomere?

A

(Structural) Repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome –Protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration

20
Q

At the end of G2 what does chromatin do?

A

Condenses into chromosomes

21
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA coiled around a core of histones.

22
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Set or pair of chromosomes

Same chromosome but different pair

23
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2 copies of every chromosome

24
Q

*How do you determine diploid number?

A

Count number of centromeres

25
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

26
Q

1st step of Mitosis is? What happens?

A

Prophase:

  • Early phase: Where duplicated chromosomes condense (visually condensed)
  • Nucleus starts to deteriorate
  • Late phase: New microtubules assembled; centrioles move to opposite ends
27
Q

2nd step of Mitosis is? What happens?

A

Metaphase: Middle

  • Spindle forms and microtubules attach to chromatids
  • Chromosomes line up at spindle midline
28
Q

3rd step of Mitosis?

A

Anaphase: Apart

  • Sister chromatids pulled apart
  • Once chromatids are separated they are called chromosomes
29
Q

4th step of Mitosis?

A

Telophase: Two

  • Cell separates
  • Chromosomes de-condense (Chromosomes back to chromatin)
  • Nuclear membranes form
  • Cell is pinched to prepare for division
30
Q

How do animal and plant cells differ in cytokinesis?

A

Plants form a cell plate; Animal cells DO NOT

31
Q

Do bacteria and archaea perform mitosis?

A

No; They participate in prokaryotic fusion

32
Q

What does the ring of microfilaments (in animal cells) do to aid cell division?

A

From the spindle equator the microfilaments contract and pinch the cells center to split the cell into 2

33
Q

What is G0?

A

Resting phase of certain cells (i.e) cardiac cells

-Really long 10+ yr G1 Phase

34
Q

Do all Eukaryotic cells perform the cell cycle at the same rate?

A

No; Skin cells can take 12 hours where cardiac cells cant take 10 yrs

35
Q

What is Interphase?

A

G1 and G2 different from Mitosis

36
Q

When is DNA in the chromatin phase

A

G1, S and most of G2

37
Q

In what phase is DNA copied?

A

S phase

38
Q

When does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

A

End of G2

39
Q

What is a cell considered when individual chromosomes are visible?

A

Prophase

40
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around a histone in a chain that makes of chromatin

41
Q

What are centrosomes/Centrioles?

A

Look like little cans that form spindles (Protein)

Bio 189 (7 decks)

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