Ch 6 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Explain Exergonic (Exit)
Catabolic
-Releases free energy
-Spontaneous
-Like riding a bike downhill; no additional energy needed
-Happens naturally
-Favorable
OXIDATION: Loss of electrons/Energy is released
Explain Endergonic (Enter)
Anabolic
-Uses free energy/ Needs it to start
- Free energy comes from ATP that has been hydrolyzed
REDUCTION: Gain of electrons
-Unfavorable
-Like riding a bike Uphill; Additional energy needed
What is the loss of electrons?
Oxidation (OIL)
What is the gain of electrons?
Reduction (RIG)
Why is the gain of electrons called a reduction?
Electrons are negative; The more it gains the more it reduces
When is energy released?
Upon Oxidation
What kind of storage is ATP
Short-term free energy storage molecule
Glycogen and Tryglicerides are what kind of storage?
Long-term free energy storage molecules
Is sodium Oxidized?
Yes; Na +Cl = NaCI (Chlorine reduced to neutral -1)
What are coenzymes are they temporarily bound or permanently bound?
- Helpers/Enablers/Assistant enzymatic reactions
- They are not permanently bound/Organic
- Many come from vitamins
What are the 4 coenzymes?
NAD+ - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADP - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
FAD - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
FMN - Flavin Mononucleotide
What is the Oxidized form of NADH?
NAD+
Where does Glycolysis take place?
The cytoplasm of just about every cell
How many steps are there in Glycolysis?
10
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation is lost
Reduction is Gained
How many ATP’s are needed to start Glycolysis? How many does it result in?
2;2
What is the free energy of glucose turned into?
2 ATP and 2 NADH some heat is lost
What is aerobic respiration dependent on?
Oxygen
Aerobic respiration consists of what 4 things?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport chain
What does it mean when carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are oxidized?
Stripped of electrons
Where does Glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm
Where does Pyruvate oxidation happen?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Krebs/Citric Acid cycle happen?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Mitochondrion
Why are there incremental steps when oxidation happens?
Incremental steps maximize ATP production; There are so many steps to complete each of the processes and each need energy to complete
What does Glycolysis require?
NAD+
In what 2 forms is free energy stored?
ATP and NADH
What does each Glucose produce?
2 Pyruvate
(2 NAD+ + 2 H+) reduced to NADH
2 ATP
Does the krebs cycle release more or less energy than glycolysis?
More
Glycolysis is oxidized to what? What step is this
2 molecules of pyruvate; 1st step of cellular respiration
What is pyruvate oxidation? What step is it? where does it take place?
2nd step
- The loss of carbon dioxide 1 half is released other half is turned NADH
- Second pyruvate turned into Acetyl-Coa (Coenzyme A) used in the start of the krebs cycle
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
What is the Krebs cycle and what step is it in cellular respiration?
3rd step; has 4 steps
- Acetyl-coA combines w/ oxaloacetate to make citrate
- Reduction of NAD+ to NADH
- Synthesis of ATP/FADH2
- Regeneration of oxaloacetate
What is glycolysis? What are the 3 things we are left with after glycolysis is finished?
1st stage of cellular respiration where glucose is reduced to:
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
NADH
What is cellular respiration?
Creating ATP and breaking down glucose for energy
Does glycolysis occur if you run out of oxygen?
Yes; Instead fermentation occurs
What macromolecule are we starting with in cellular
respiration?
Glucose
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP, NADH and FADH2
Where do NADH and FADH2 come from?
Krebs cycle
what is substrate level phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound. (Glycolysis)
what is Oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients and releasing energy which is used to produce (ATP). In most eukaryotes, takes place inside mitochondria (electron transport chain)
Does krebs cycle release more energy than glycolysis?
Yes
How many ATP’s do each glucose produce?
32
What does a decrease in Free energy mean?
Free energy is being released
What is the difference between substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation?
- Substrate level p-lation: formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a PO3 group to ADP.
- Oxidative p-lation uses proton gradient to generate ATP from ADP occurs in cellular respiration, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ yielding 2.5 ATP and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP
What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation is directly phosphorylating ADP with a phosphate and energy provided from a coupled reaction. SLP will only occur if there is a reaction that releases sufficient energy to allow the direct phosphorylation of ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation is when ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons.
Does Pyruvate oxidation release free energy?
yes
When 1 Pyruvate binds with Coenzyme A to make Acetyl-CoA what is this process called?
Pyruvate Oxidation
What is the overall goal of Cellular Respiration?
Make ATP energy
How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate?
Photosynthesis makes Glucose
Cellular respiration Breaks Glucose to make ATP energy
