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Bio 189 > Ch 8 Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Ch 8 Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

*Where does Transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What is the product of Transcription?

A

mRNA from DNA

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3
Q

What does mRNA do after it is created?

A

Exits nucleus through pores to bind with ribosomes

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4
Q

*Where does Translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are genes made up of?

A

DNA sequences

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6
Q

What Pyridines does mRNA have?

A

Cytosine

Uracil

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7
Q

*What is a codon?

A

Sequence of a specific 3 nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

Template for mRNA

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9
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

Makes complimentary RNA to DNA

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10
Q

How many strand(s) participate in transcription? What (is it) (are they) called?

A

1 strand

Template strand

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11
Q

What do tRNA’s do?

A

Transfer amino acids

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12
Q

What proteins start transcription?

A

Transcription Factors (TF’s) RNA polymerase can’t start without them

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13
Q

What is the name for the strand that undergoes transcription?

A

Template strand

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14
Q

What is the name for the strand that does NOT undergo transcription?

A

Message strand

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15
Q

How do you differentiate the RNA strand from the Message strand of DNA?

A

Replace all the T’s with U’s

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16
Q

How is RNA synthesized?

A

5’ Prime to 3’ Prime

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17
Q

How many phases does Transcription have? What are they?

A

3 Phases

  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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18
Q

What happens in initiation of Transcription (1st step)?

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds DNA

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19
Q

What happens in Elongation of Transcription? (2nd step)?

A

RNA polymerase separates 2 strands and figures out which strand will be the template strand

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20
Q

What happens in Termination or Transcription (3rd step)?

A

RNA transcript is freed from template

Transcription finishes

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21
Q

What determines which DNA strand will be the template?

A

Promoter called the “TATA Box”
They have a rich A - T sequence
-EVERY GENE HAS PROMOTERS

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22
Q

*In Eukaryotic cells what happens to mRNA before translation?

A

Processed first; G cap and Poly A tail added

23
Q

In the processing before translation what happens to mRNA?

A

G cap is added (5’ Prime cap)
Poly A tail added (3’ Prime end) (100-300 A’s added)
They are added for protection

24
Q

What are introns?

A

Spacers that don’t code (Later removed by splicers)

25
Q

What are exons?

A

Nucleotide sequences that remain in a mature mRNA

26
Q

What do spliceosomes do?

A

Cut out Introns and stick together Exons

27
Q

*What does alternate splicing produce?

A

Different mRNA’s and proteins

i.e proteins in brain, heart, and liver

28
Q

*Why are introns and exons so important?

A

Allow splicers to form different proteins from a single gene

29
Q

What is the product after processing?

A

RNA

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of Translation?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
31
Q

How many amino acids are there? How many different synthetases are there?

A

20 of both

32
Q

What is an “anti codon”?

A

Codon complementary to the original codon

33
Q

What is a ribosome made up of?

A

RNA (Ribosomal RNA)

34
Q

*Name the 2 Ribosome subunits

A

Large subunit

Small subunit

35
Q

*What are the 3 binding sites on a large ribosomal subunit?

A

Exit
Peptidyl tRNA
Aminoacyl tRNA

36
Q

*What happens in the Exit site of a large ribosomal subunit?

A

tRNA without amino acids exits

37
Q

*What happens at the Peptidyl tRNA site of a large ribosomal subunit?

A

Transfer occurs to build polypeptide chain; Polypeptide bonds are MADE here

38
Q

*What happens at the Aminoacyl tRNA site of a large ribosomal subunit?

A

tRNA with amino acid enters

39
Q

*What is the Start codon in Eukaryotes?

A

AUG

40
Q

*What is the first amino acid (initiator tRNA)?

A

Methionine

41
Q

*What is ALWAYS the initiator tRNA in Eukaryotes? Where does it attach?

A

Methionine; Attaches to AUG start codon at the “P” Peptidyl Site

42
Q

What happens in Elongation of Translation?

A

Building of polypeptide chains

43
Q

*What are the 3 STOP codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

44
Q

What are Release Factors?

A

RNA and protein that recognize stop codons (Look like tRNA; Don’t have amino acid)

45
Q

What is a polysome? Hint: Poly-Some

A

Multiple ribosomes on a single RNA

46
Q

What is the product of TransLation?

A

Polypeptide chain

47
Q

What is the whole purpose of transcription and translation

A

Make protein from mRNA

48
Q

Does RNA Polymerase need a primer like DNA Polymerase?

A

No; Does not require a primer like DNA polymerase needs

49
Q

How is termination of transcription determined?

A

Specific DNA sequence

50
Q

*What is the first tRNA called?

A

Initiator (Methionine) different shape than other tRNA’s

51
Q

*Where does the INITIATOR tRNA enter?

A

Peptidyl tRNA site the only one to do so

52
Q

Where are the Exit, Peptidyl tRNA and Aminoacyl tRNA sites located?

A

Large ribosomal subunit

53
Q

Translocation, the transferring the products of Peptydyl tRNA (Met, Try, etc) require what?

A

GTP energy

54
Q

Where does “Protein finishing” take place?

A

ER and Golgi apparatus called “Post-translation”

Bio 189 (7 decks)

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