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Bio 189 > Ch 7 DNA > Flashcards

Ch 7 DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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2
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

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3
Q

What is Streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Pathogen that can cause benign infections

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4
Q

What do smooth strains of streptococcus pneumonia produce? (S) cells

A

Capsule called Virulent which are deadly

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5
Q

What are rough strains of streptococcus pneumonia called? (R) cells

A

Avirulent which are benign

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6
Q

What is the capsule of the smooth strain?

A

Extracellular polysaccharides that are sticky

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7
Q

Is the capsule deadly or harmless?

A

(S) cells containing capsule are deadly

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8
Q

What happens to the mice injected with (R) strain? (Avirulent)

A

They live; it’s harmless

No capsule renders it benign

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9
Q

What happens if mice are injected with live (S) strain cells (Virulent)?

A

It dies; (S) cells are virulent

Overwhelm immune system

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10
Q

What happens to mice injected with (S) cells that have been heated to kill the cells?

A

They live; Virus is dead

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11
Q

What happens to mice injected with live harmless (R) cells and heat killed (S) cells?

A

They die; The heat killed (S) cells broke open and transformed (R) cells.
(R) cells absorbed (S) cell DNA making them deadly

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12
Q

What did Griffith’s transforming principle conclude?

A

Something in (S) cell DNA, RNA and Proteins transformed (R) cells. Assumption was proteins were inherited

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13
Q

What are Degradative enzymes?

What do they destroy?

A

RNase - RNA only
Protease - Proteins only
DNase - DNA only
You can identify which degradative enzyme by which it destroys

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14
Q

What happened when DNase was added to heat-killed (S) cells?

A

DNase killed the DNA preventing capsule from growing

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15
Q

Was the transforming principle experiment a paradigm shift? Was the finding of DNA being the molecule of inheritance important?

A

Yes it was a paradigm shift
Won a Nobel prize
Discovered horizontal gene transfer

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16
Q

What is the 3 Dimensional structure of DNA?

A

Double Helix
RIght handed twist every 3.4 nm
Diameter of 2.0 nm

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17
Q

What did streptococcus do?

A

(R) strains absorbed DNA from the (S) strains and made the capsule

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18
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Acquiring DNA from environment to make part of their chromosome

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19
Q

Does the number of pyrimidines always equal the number of purines?

A

Yes

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20
Q

How did Rosalind Franklin capture a photo of DNA

A

X-Ray Crystallography

2D image

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21
Q

Who determined the double helix shape of DNA?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson without any of their own experiments and won Nobel prizes

22
Q

Who won the Nobel prize for discovering the structure of DNA?

A

Watson
Crick
Maurice Wilkins (Helix shape/Right-hand twist)

23
Q

What is DNA composed of

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Base

24
Q

How are A and T and G and C paired?

A

Hydrogen bonds

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do A and T always have?

A

2

26
Q

How many hydrogens bonds do G and C always have?

A

3

27
Q

How are the strands of DNA held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

28
Q

DNA is anti-parallel T/F

A

True

29
Q

In what direction is DNA copied?

A

5 Prime to 3 Prime

30
Q

DNA is made to engage proteins T/F

A

True

31
Q

What was the advantage of X-ray crystallography to measure DNA?

A

Scattering of X-RAYS produced a diagnostic pattern

32
Q

What was the breakthrough Watson and Crick made building DNA models?

A

Pairing of Py and Pu were consistent with 2nm diameter

Determined DNA was a double helix

33
Q

What did the Hershey and Chase experiment conclude?

A

DNA and NOT protein is in genetic bacteriophages; Singled out that DNA was responsible for inheritance

34
Q

Why is DNA held together by hydrogen bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds are easy to break

35
Q

DNA is half old and new strands T/F

A

True

36
Q

Is DNA replication semi-conservative?

A

Yes

37
Q

What did Meselson and Stahl find int their experiment?

A

DNA replication is semiconservative

38
Q

How do N14 and N15 differ?

A

One neutron

39
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A
  • Enzymes that put in complementary base
  • Proofreads
  • 1 in every billion nucleotides it makes a mistake
40
Q

What happens to DNA before it is replicated?

A

It is pulled apart by replisome

41
Q

What is a replisome?

A

Protein that carries out replication and unwinds DNA for it to be copied

42
Q

What do DNA polymerase Dimers do?

A

Ensure DNA is simultaneously copied but only in 5 prime to 3 prime direction

43
Q

Why is it important for bio students to ID the 5’ and 3’ prime carbons in Deoxyribose?

A

Knowledge of DNA structure is important for understanding biological processes

44
Q

Avery, Macleod, and McCarty followed up Griffith’s transforming principle by treating heat killed (S) cells then added (R) cells. What did it conclude?

A

Only solutions with intact (S) cell DNA resulted in transformation

45
Q

Hydrogen and Oxygen are highly electronegative? T/F

A

True

46
Q

What is complimentary base pairing?

A

Bases like PY and PU pairing together

47
Q

When the (S) cell was heat killed and broke open, What did the benign (R) cells absorb to make them deadly?

A

(S) cell DNA

(R) cells acquired the genes that formed capsule

48
Q

What did Griffth’s experiment find?

A

How genetics and inheritance work

49
Q

What is the molecule of inheritance?

A

DNA

50
Q

What is the portion “Deoxyribose” made up of?

A

Phosphate and sugar backbone

51
Q

What was Chragaff’s findings?

A

Purines always equaled Pyrimidines

Bio 189 (7 decks)

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