Exam 2 Full Overview Flashcards
The lowest superficial part of the heart, usually located at the fifth intercostal space
Apex
Absence of breathing
Apnea
Any variation from the normal rhythm of a heartbeat
Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia
Listening for sounds produced with the body, usually with a stethoscope
Auscultation
Period where no sound is heard
Auscultatory gap
Pertaining the the armpit
Axillary
The rate at which heat is produced when the body is at rest
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Respirations that are shallow for two or three breaths with a period of variable apnea
Biot respirations
Pulse that is less than 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
Slow and shallow breathing
Bradypnea
The pulse rate multiplied by the stroke volume
Cardiac output
Respirations that gradually become more shallow and are followed by periods of apnea, with repetition of the pattern
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Sensations of cold and shaking of the body
Chills
Temperature deep with the body
Core temperature
Abnormal, nonmusical sound heard on auscultation of the lungs during inspiration
Crackles or rales
Abrupt decline in fever
Crisis
Bluish discoloration or skin color changes, particularly around the mouth and in the nail beds, due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
Abatement of fever
Defervescence
The lower pressure exerted on the artery when the heart is at rest between contractions
Diastolic pressure
Difficult and labored breathing
Dyspnea
Normal, relaxed breathing pattern
Eupnea
Stage of fever in which the body temperature rises to the new set point established by the hypothalamus and remains there until there is a resolution of the cause of the fever
Febrile
Elevated temperature
Fever
Wet sounds heard when auscultating the lungs; formerly called rhonchi
Gurgle
Blood pressure elevated above the normal range
Hypertension
Above-normal body temperature
Hyperthermia
Pattern of breathing in which there is an increase in the rate and depth of breaths and carbon dioxide is “blown off”, causing the blood level of carbon dioxide to fall
Hyperventilation
Abnormally low blood pressure
Hypotension
Subnormal body temperature
Hypothermia
Decreased amount of oxygen in the bloodstream
Hypoxemia
State of insufficient oxygen in the blood
Hypoxia
Sounds that relate to the effect of arterial wall vibrations during auscultation of blood pressure
Korotkoff sounds
Respirations having an increased rate and depth with panting and long, grunting exhalations
Kussmaul respirations
Breakdown, disintegration; also reduction or abatement
Lysis
Cellular chemical reactions in the body
Metabolism
Fall in blood pressure associated with dizziness, syncope (fainting), and blurred vision, which occurs upon standing
Orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension
Excess fluid volume
Overhydration
Device that measures oxygen in the blood
Oximeter
Measurement of oxygen
Oximetry
Feel
Palpate
Deficit between the apical and radial pulse when measured simultaneously
Pulse deficit
The difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
Fever; when a body temperature rises above 100.2°F (38.0°C)
Pyrexia
Agents that cause fever
Pyrogens
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues, which is initiated by the act of breathing
Respiration
Condition of circulatory failure
Shock
Device used to indirectly measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
Snoring sound produced when patients are unable to cough up secretions from the trachea or bronchi
Stertor
Device that augments sound
Stethoscope
Shrill, harsh sound on inspiration; caused by obstruction of the upper air passages, as occurs in croup or laryngitis
Stridor
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta per heartbeat
Stroke volume
The maximum pressure exerted on the artery during left ventricular contraction
Systolic pressure
Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
Increased or rapid breathing
Tachypnea
Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
The signs of life, namely pulse, respiration, temperature, and blood pressure
Vital signs
High-pitched whistling sound of air forced past a partial obstruction, as found in asthma and emphysema
Wheeze
What are the five vital signs
Temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure, and pain level. Also oxygen saturation level
What causes fever
Increase in metabolism
What acts as a thermostat and controls body temperature by a feedback mechanism
Hypothalamus
Where is the hypothalamus located
Between the cerebral hemispheres
What are the organs of respiration
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The pressure exerted on the arterial wall
Blood pressure
What is the normal temperature range
97.5 - 99.5
Average- 98.6
What are the sites used for temperature
Oral, rectal, axilla, tympanic, temporal
What are factors that affect body temperature
Drugs, age, exercise, time of day, disease conditions, emotional stress, environmental temperature, menstrual cycle and pregnancy
What are the fever patterns
Constant, intermittent, remittent, and relapsing
Temperature is continuously elevated, less than 1 degree variation within 24hrs
Constant
Temperature alternates rising and falling
Intermittent
High temperature falls, but never to normal, and rises again later in the day
Remittent
Temperature falls to normal and rises again in a repeating pattern
Relasping
Where is the oral thermometer placed
Posterior sublingual pocket on either side of the frenulum
Where are the pulse points
Radial, temporal, carotid, femoral, apical, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
What is the normal pulse rate
60 - 100 bpm
Even beats with poor force, 1+
Weak and regular
Even beats with moderate force, 2+
Strong and regular
