Exam 1 Full Overview Flashcards
A state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being; means different things to different people
Health
Disease of body or mind
Illness
What illness persists for a long time
Chronic
What illness develops suddenly and resolves in a short time
Acute
What illness is there no cure for and ends in death
Terminal
What illness develops without being caused by another health problem
Primary
What illness results from a primary illness
Secondary
What illness is present at birth
Congenital
What illness starts with no known cause
Idiopathic
What are the stages of illness
Transition, acceptance, convalescence
What stage- the onset of illness may consist of vague, nonspecific symptoms
Transition
What stage- the person stops denying illness and assumes the “sick role”
Acceptance
What stage- the process of recovering after the illness and starts regaining health
Convalescence
What are some variable that influence health and illness
Genetic influence, age, sex, culture, religion, beliefs, previous health experiences
Any action undertaken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in an early asymptomatic stage
Health behavior
Without symptoms
Asymptomatic
Any activity someone takes to determine their actual state of health and to seek a suitable remedy for a health problem
Illness behavior
Considers the persons biologic, psychological, sociological, and spiritual aspects and needs
Holistic approach
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order
Physiologic, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization
Tendency of biologic systems to maintain a state of internal environment by continually adjusting to changes needed for survival
Homeostasis
Occurs in response to long-term exposure to stress
General adaptation syndrome
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
What stage- hormone release mobilizes the body defenses
Alarm stage
What stage- the body is battling for equilibrium
Stage of resistance
What stage- occurs when stress is present over a long enough time to deplete the body’s resources for adaptation
Stage of exhaustion
Adjusting to or solving challenges
Coping
Strategies that protect us from increasing anxiety; used to maintain and improve self-esteem
Defense mechanisms
Avoids or delays occurrence of a specific disease or disorder
Primary prevention
Following guidelines for screening for diseases that are easily treated if found early
Secondary prevention
Rehabilitation measures after the disease or disorder has stabilized
Tertiary prevention
The entry of a microorganism into the body that multiplies and disrupts tissue integrity
Infection
Microorganisms capable of causing disease
Pathogens
Single-cell microorganisms lacking a nucleus that reproduce from every few minutes up to several weeks
Bacteria
How is bacteria classified
need for oxygen, shape, and Gram staining properties
What bacteria needs oxygen to live and grow
Aerobic
What bacteria only grown in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
Chemical substance that can kill or alter the growth of bacterial organisms
Antibiotic
Extremely small particles of nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA, with a coat of protein, and in some cases a membranous envelope, that can trigger in immune reaction or damage cells in other ways
Viruses
Tiny, primitive organisms of the kingdom fungi that contain no chlorophyll that thrive in warm, moist environments
Fungi
Killing or suppressing growth of microorganisms
Antimicrobial
What is the chain of infection
Process by which an infection is spread from one person to another; infectious agent, source, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
What is an infectious (causative) agent and examples
Any microorganism or biologic agent capable of causing disease; bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus
What is a source (reservoir) and examples
Places where microorganisms are found; animal, insect, inanimate object, human
What is a portal of exit and and examples
Route by which a pathogen leaves the body of its host; respiratory tract, GI tract, blood, skin/mucosal surfaces
What are examples of modes of transmission (transfer)
Contact, airborne, droplet, vector-borne
What is portal of entry and examples
Pathogens enter the body through the mucous membrane; GI tract, nonintact skin, respiratory tract
What are examples of susceptible host
Immunosuppressed, trauma, surgery, chronically ill, and elderly
What is the first line of defense
Intact skin
What is the second line of defense
Helps destroy pathogens that escape the first line
Slows the growth of microorganisms
Fever
Increased production of leukocytes (WBC)
Leukocytosis
Eat bacteria, work to destroy or stop invasion
Phagocytosis
Localized response to injury
Inflammatory response
Interferes in the replication of many viruses; in response to viral invasion
Interferon
What is the third line of defense
Immune response
Immunity where the fetus receives antibodies from the mother
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Immunity where antitoxin or antiserum is given
Passive acquired immunity
Immunity that uses immunizations
Artificially acquired immunity
Immunity where antibodies derived from serum of infected people or animals is injected
Passive artificially acquired immunity
Making environment free of microorganisms
Asepsis
Reducing number of organisms present or risk for transmission; prevents reinfection of a patient; clean technique
Medical asepsis
Preparing and handling materials in a way that prevents exposure to living microorganisms; sterile technique
Surgical asepsis
Removes and inhibits the growth of microorganisms; removal of visible soiling
Cleaning
Kills microorganisms in inanimate objects; eliminates organisms that are left after cleaning
Disenfecting
Kills microorganisms on skin
Antiseptic
Eliminates microorganisms from equipment and supplies; uses heat/steam
Sterilization
When does infection occur
When pathogenic microorganisms invade the body
What are the stages of infection
Incubation, prodromal, illness, and convalescent
Organisms enter the body, lasts until onset of symptoms
Incubation period
Onset of vague symptoms to the beginning of specific symptoms of infection
Prodromal Period
Localized and systemic signs and symptoms appear
Illness period
Recovery; symptoms subside to normal state of health
Convalescent period
Infections transmitted to a person while receiving health care services
Health care associated infection (HAIs)
What are examples of device associated infections
Central lines, catheters, ventilators
What are standard precautions
Delineate methods for avoiding direct contact with all body secretions; used for all patients
What are airborne precatuions
Prevent transmission of infectious agents that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air; negative air pressure room, N95 Respirator
What are droplet precations
For patients with known or suspected serious illness transmitted by large-particle droplets; mask, stay 3 feet away
What are contact precautions
Transmitted by direct contact; gloves, gown
What is donning and the process for PPE
Putting on; gown, mask, goggles, gloves
What is doffing and the process for PPE
Taking off; gloves, goggles, gown, mask
Dense, hard type of connective tissue; framework
Bones
The place of union of two or more bones in the body; moves freely
Joint
Small fluid-filled sacs that provide a cushion at friction points in freely movable joints
Bursae
Striated muscles that are made of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
Skeletal muscles
Cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone to allow for joint movement
Tendons
Connect bones or cartilage to provide support and strength
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that acts as a cushion
Cartilage
What are changes that occur with aging
Loss of bone strength and mass, loss of bone density, loss of muscle cells, decreased muscle fiber elasticity, decrease of joint motion
Study of the movement of body parts
Kinesiology
Tissue injuries that form from local interference with circulation
Pressure injury
Resistance to stretch in damaged muscle that pulls a joint into a fixed or “frozen” position
Contractures
Decrease in muscle mass, flexibility, and strength
Muscle atrophy
Local death of tissue from disease of injury
Necrosis
What areas are most likely to get a pressure injury
A bony prominence
Applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin
Shearing force
What are four things changing in position accomplishes
Provide comfort, relieves pressure, helps prevent contractures, deformities, and respiratory problems, and it improves circulation
What position is resting on the back and what is it used for
Supine; spinal surgery, cardiac catheterization, and spinal anesthetics
What position is arranged by elevating the head of the bed 60 to 90 degrees and what is it used for
Fowler position; helps paresis patients swallow food and helps with secretions
What position is an elevation of 30 to 45 degrees
Semi-fowler position
What position has a patient on their back with their knees flexed and soles of the feet flat on the bed
Dorsal recumbent position
What position has a patient on their back and their feet in stirrups
Dorsal lithotomy position
What position has a patient laying on their side
Side-lying or later position
What is a side-lying position in which the weight is distributed over the anterior ilium, humerus, and clavicle
Sims position
What position has a patient lying face down
Prone position
What assisted device allows a patient to adjust position by raising the trunk and buttocks off the bed
Trapeze bar
What assisted device helps prevent external rotation of the hips and legs when a patient is lying in a supine position
Trochanter roll
What assisted device helps prevent contractures o the hands, promote thumb adduction, keep the fingers slightly flexed, and prevent dorsiflexion of the wrists
Hand rolls and splints
What is turning the patient as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment called
Logrolling
What are exercises that are used for the patient who independently performs activities of daily living
Active range of motion
What are exercises that are preformed on the patient who cannot actively move
Passive range of motion
The term used for the patient position of sitting on the side of the bed with the legs and feet over the side
Dangling
A long semirigid polyurethane board, treated with an antistatic coating, to allow the patient to be transferred from bed to stretcher
Slide board
A board that contains several roller bars between fixed end bars
Roller board
This should be used to ambulate or transfer the weak or unsteady patient
Transfer or gait belt
The system that contains the skin, hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands
Integumentary system
What is the largest organ in the body
The skin
What is the outer, thinner layer of the skin that consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and does not contain blood vessels
Epidermis
What is the uppermost layer of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
What is the inner, thicker layer of the skin that is made of dense connective tissue that gives the skin strength and elasticity
Dermis or corium
What are the four main functions of the skin
Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and excretion and secretion
Factors affecting hygiene
Economics, preference, sociocultural background, culture, economic status, and mental or physical condition
An injury that forms from a local interference with circulation
Pressure injury
Turn white or, in darker skin, become pale
Blanch
The process in which the blood rushes to a place where there was a decrease in circulation
Reactive hyperemia
Has lost bowel or bladder control
Incontinent
Softening of tissue that increases the chance of trauma or infection
Maceration
Perspiration; sweating
Diaphoresis
An area of intact skin that is re, deep pink, or mottled skin that does not blanch with fingertip pressure
Stage 1 pressure injury
An area that feels hard
Induration
Partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis; the wound bed is pink or red and moist and may appear as an intact or ruptured blister
Stage 2 pressure injury
Full thickness skin loss that looks like a deep crater and may extend to the fascia
Stage 3 pressure injury
Full thickness skin loss with extensive tissue necrosis or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures
Stage 4 pressure injury
Loss of full thickness of tissue; covered by eschar
Unstageable pressure injury
Localized discolored intact skin that is maroon or purple or a blood filled blister resulting from damage to underlying soft tissue from pressure or shearing
Deep tissue pressure injury
What are the four basic purposes of bathing
Cleanse the skin, promote comfort, stimulate circulation, and remove waste products secreted through the skin
What are the two meanings of partial baths
Cleaning only certain parts of the body; a complete bath is done but partially by the patient
What is the most common type of bath
Cleansing bath
Baths that have healing or medicinal qualities
Therapeutic bath
Bath that has a device that agitates the water
Whirlpool bath
Baths that are used to apply moist heat and clean the perineal or anal area
Sitz bath
Bad breath
Halitosis
Cavities
Caries
