Exam 1 Full Overview Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
A state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being; means different things to different people
A
Health
2
Q
Disease of body or mind
A
Illness
3
Q
What illness persists for a long time
A
Chronic
4
Q
What illness develops suddenly and resolves in a short time
A
Acute
5
Q
What illness is there no cure for and ends in death
A
Terminal
6
Q
What illness develops without being caused by another health problem
A
Primary
7
Q
What illness results from a primary illness
A
Secondary
8
Q
What illness is present at birth
A
Congenital
9
Q
What illness starts with no known cause
A
Idiopathic
10
Q
What are the stages of illness
A
Transition, acceptance, convalescence
11
Q
What stage- the onset of illness may consist of vague, nonspecific symptoms
A
Transition
12
Q
What stage- the person stops denying illness and assumes the “sick role”
A
Acceptance
13
Q
What stage- the process of recovering after the illness and starts regaining health
A
Convalescence
14
Q
What are some variable that influence health and illness
A
Genetic influence, age, sex, culture, religion, beliefs, previous health experiences
15
Q
Any action undertaken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in an early asymptomatic stage
A
Health behavior
16
Q
Without symptoms
A
Asymptomatic
17
Q
Any activity someone takes to determine their actual state of health and to seek a suitable remedy for a health problem
A
Illness behavior
18
Q
Considers the persons biologic, psychological, sociological, and spiritual aspects and needs
A
Holistic approach
19
Q
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order
A
Physiologic, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization
20
Q
Tendency of biologic systems to maintain a state of internal environment by continually adjusting to changes needed for survival
A
Homeostasis
21
Q
Occurs in response to long-term exposure to stress
A
General adaptation syndrome
22
Q
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome
A
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
23
Q
What stage- hormone release mobilizes the body defenses
A
Alarm stage
24
Q
What stage- the body is battling for equilibrium
A
Stage of resistance
25
What stage- occurs when stress is present over a long enough time to deplete the body's resources for adaptation
Stage of exhaustion
26
Adjusting to or solving challenges
Coping
27
Strategies that protect us from increasing anxiety; used to maintain and improve self-esteem
Defense mechanisms
28
Avoids or delays occurrence of a specific disease or disorder
Primary prevention
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Following guidelines for screening for diseases that are easily treated if found early
Secondary prevention
30
Rehabilitation measures after the disease or disorder has stabilized
Tertiary prevention
31
The entry of a microorganism into the body that multiplies and disrupts tissue integrity
Infection
32
Microorganisms capable of causing disease
Pathogens
33
Single-cell microorganisms lacking a nucleus that reproduce from every few minutes up to several weeks
Bacteria
34
How is bacteria classified
need for oxygen, shape, and Gram staining properties
35
What bacteria needs oxygen to live and grow
Aerobic
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What bacteria only grown in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
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Chemical substance that can kill or alter the growth of bacterial organisms
Antibiotic
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Extremely small particles of nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA, with a coat of protein, and in some cases a membranous envelope, that can trigger in immune reaction or damage cells in other ways
Viruses
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Tiny, primitive organisms of the kingdom fungi that contain no chlorophyll that thrive in warm, moist environments
Fungi
40
Killing or suppressing growth of microorganisms
Antimicrobial
41
What is the chain of infection
Process by which an infection is spread from one person to another; infectious agent, source, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
42
What is an infectious (causative) agent and examples
Any microorganism or biologic agent capable of causing disease; bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus
43
What is a source (reservoir) and examples
Places where microorganisms are found; animal, insect, inanimate object, human
44
What is a portal of exit and and examples
Route by which a pathogen leaves the body of its host; respiratory tract, GI tract, blood, skin/mucosal surfaces
45
What are examples of modes of transmission (transfer)
Contact, airborne, droplet, vector-borne
46
What is portal of entry and examples
Pathogens enter the body through the mucous membrane; GI tract, nonintact skin, respiratory tract
47
What are examples of susceptible host
Immunosuppressed, trauma, surgery, chronically ill, and elderly
48
What is the first line of defense
Intact skin
49
What is the second line of defense
Helps destroy pathogens that escape the first line
50
Slows the growth of microorganisms
Fever
51
Increased production of leukocytes (WBC)
Leukocytosis
52
Eat bacteria, work to destroy or stop invasion
Phagocytosis
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Localized response to injury
Inflammatory response
54
Interferes in the replication of many viruses; in response to viral invasion
Interferon
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What is the third line of defense
Immune response
56
Immunity where the fetus receives antibodies from the mother
Naturally acquired passive immunity
57
Immunity where antitoxin or antiserum is given
Passive acquired immunity
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Immunity that uses immunizations
Artificially acquired immunity
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Immunity where antibodies derived from serum of infected people or animals is injected
Passive artificially acquired immunity
60
Making environment free of microorganisms
Asepsis
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Reducing number of organisms present or risk for transmission; prevents reinfection of a patient; clean technique
Medical asepsis
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Preparing and handling materials in a way that prevents exposure to living microorganisms; sterile technique
Surgical asepsis
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Removes and inhibits the growth of microorganisms; removal of visible soiling
Cleaning
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Kills microorganisms in inanimate objects; eliminates organisms that are left after cleaning
Disenfecting
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Kills microorganisms on skin
Antiseptic
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Eliminates microorganisms from equipment and supplies; uses heat/steam
Sterilization
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When does infection occur
When pathogenic microorganisms invade the body
68
What are the stages of infection
Incubation, prodromal, illness, and convalescent
69
Organisms enter the body, lasts until onset of symptoms
Incubation period
70
Onset of vague symptoms to the beginning of specific symptoms of infection
Prodromal Period
71
Localized and systemic signs and symptoms appear
Illness period
72
Recovery; symptoms subside to normal state of health
Convalescent period
73
Infections transmitted to a person while receiving health care services
Health care associated infection (HAIs)
74
What are examples of device associated infections
Central lines, catheters, ventilators
75
What are standard precautions
Delineate methods for avoiding direct contact with all body secretions; used for all patients
76
What are airborne precatuions
Prevent transmission of infectious agents that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air; negative air pressure room, N95 Respirator
77
What are droplet precations
For patients with known or suspected serious illness transmitted by large-particle droplets; mask, stay 3 feet away
78
What are contact precautions
Transmitted by direct contact; gloves, gown
79
What is donning and the process for PPE
Putting on; gown, mask, goggles, gloves
80
What is doffing and the process for PPE
Taking off; gloves, goggles, gown, mask
81
Dense, hard type of connective tissue; framework
Bones
82
The place of union of two or more bones in the body; moves freely
Joint
83
Small fluid-filled sacs that provide a cushion at friction points in freely movable joints
Bursae
84
Striated muscles that are made of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
Skeletal muscles
85
Cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone to allow for joint movement
Tendons
86
Connect bones or cartilage to provide support and strength
Ligament
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A fibrous connective tissue that acts as a cushion
Cartilage
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What are changes that occur with aging
Loss of bone strength and mass, loss of bone density, loss of muscle cells, decreased muscle fiber elasticity, decrease of joint motion
89
Study of the movement of body parts
Kinesiology
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Tissue injuries that form from local interference with circulation
Pressure injury
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Resistance to stretch in damaged muscle that pulls a joint into a fixed or "frozen" position
Contractures
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Decrease in muscle mass, flexibility, and strength
Muscle atrophy
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Local death of tissue from disease of injury
Necrosis
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What areas are most likely to get a pressure injury
A bony prominence
95
Applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin
Shearing force
96
What are four things changing in position accomplishes
Provide comfort, relieves pressure, helps prevent contractures, deformities, and respiratory problems, and it improves circulation
97
What position is resting on the back and what is it used for
Supine; spinal surgery, cardiac catheterization, and spinal anesthetics
98
What position is arranged by elevating the head of the bed 60 to 90 degrees and what is it used for
Fowler position; helps paresis patients swallow food and helps with secretions
99
What position is an elevation of 30 to 45 degrees
Semi-fowler position
100
What position has a patient on their back with their knees flexed and soles of the feet flat on the bed
Dorsal recumbent position
101
What position has a patient on their back and their feet in stirrups
Dorsal lithotomy position
102
What position has a patient laying on their side
Side-lying or later position
103
What is a side-lying position in which the weight is distributed over the anterior ilium, humerus, and clavicle
Sims position
104
What position has a patient lying face down
Prone position
105
What assisted device allows a patient to adjust position by raising the trunk and buttocks off the bed
Trapeze bar
106
What assisted device helps prevent external rotation of the hips and legs when a patient is lying in a supine position
Trochanter roll
107
What assisted device helps prevent contractures o the hands, promote thumb adduction, keep the fingers slightly flexed, and prevent dorsiflexion of the wrists
Hand rolls and splints
108
What is turning the patient as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment called
Logrolling
109
What are exercises that are used for the patient who independently performs activities of daily living
Active range of motion
110
What are exercises that are preformed on the patient who cannot actively move
Passive range of motion
111
The term used for the patient position of sitting on the side of the bed with the legs and feet over the side
Dangling
112
A long semirigid polyurethane board, treated with an antistatic coating, to allow the patient to be transferred from bed to stretcher
Slide board
113
A board that contains several roller bars between fixed end bars
Roller board
114
This should be used to ambulate or transfer the weak or unsteady patient
Transfer or gait belt
115
The system that contains the skin, hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands
Integumentary system
116
What is the largest organ in the body
The skin
117
What is the outer, thinner layer of the skin that consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and does not contain blood vessels
Epidermis
118
What is the uppermost layer of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
119
What is the inner, thicker layer of the skin that is made of dense connective tissue that gives the skin strength and elasticity
Dermis or corium
120
What are the four main functions of the skin
Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and excretion and secretion
121
Factors affecting hygiene
Economics, preference, sociocultural background, culture, economic status, and mental or physical condition
122
An injury that forms from a local interference with circulation
Pressure injury
123
Turn white or, in darker skin, become pale
Blanch
124
The process in which the blood rushes to a place where there was a decrease in circulation
Reactive hyperemia
125
Has lost bowel or bladder control
Incontinent
126
Softening of tissue that increases the chance of trauma or infection
Maceration
127
Perspiration; sweating
Diaphoresis
128
An area of intact skin that is re, deep pink, or mottled skin that does not blanch with fingertip pressure
Stage 1 pressure injury
129
An area that feels hard
Induration
130
Partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis; the wound bed is pink or red and moist and may appear as an intact or ruptured blister
Stage 2 pressure injury
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Full thickness skin loss that looks like a deep crater and may extend to the fascia
Stage 3 pressure injury
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Full thickness skin loss with extensive tissue necrosis or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures
Stage 4 pressure injury
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Loss of full thickness of tissue; covered by eschar
Unstageable pressure injury
134
Localized discolored intact skin that is maroon or purple or a blood filled blister resulting from damage to underlying soft tissue from pressure or shearing
Deep tissue pressure injury
135
What are the four basic purposes of bathing
Cleanse the skin, promote comfort, stimulate circulation, and remove waste products secreted through the skin
136
What are the two meanings of partial baths
Cleaning only certain parts of the body; a complete bath is done but partially by the patient
137
What is the most common type of bath
Cleansing bath
138
Baths that have healing or medicinal qualities
Therapeutic bath
139
Bath that has a device that agitates the water
Whirlpool bath
140
Baths that are used to apply moist heat and clean the perineal or anal area
Sitz bath
141
Bad breath
Halitosis
142
Cavities
Caries
