Exam 2 Flashcards
Unintended effect on the body resulting from therapeutic drug use, drug abuse, or interaction of drugs
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) or Adverse drug event (ADE)
Very undesirable side effects with more serious consequences
Adverse effects
Drugs that produce a response
Agonists
Small, sterile, all-glass or plastic container used for medication
Ampule
Drug that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness
Analgesic
Serious and profound state of shock brought about by hypersensitivity to an allergen
Anaphylactic shock
Severe allergic reaction (hypersensitivity)
Anaphylaxis
Low red blood cell count
Anemia
Drugs that block a response
Antagonists
Withdrawal of fluid or cells
Aspiration
Slanted part of a needle tip
Bevel
Specialized relaxation technique using a machine that measures the degree of muscular tension with skin electrodes
Biofeedback
Surgical excision of a small amount of tissue
Biopsy
Warning on a prescription medication to alert the patient and health care provider about important safety concerns, such as serious side effects or life-threatening risks
“Black box” warning
Bump, or visible elevation of the epidermis
Bleb
Concentrated dose given in a short period of time
Bolus
Lighted instrument used for viewing the interior of the tracheobronchial tree
Bronchoscope
Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek
Buccal
The inspection of the entire large intestine for polyps, areas of inflammation, and malignant lesions
Colonoscopy
Gas (oxygen) delivered at positive pressure to keep alveoli open that would normally close upon expiration
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Reasons not to administer a drug
Contraindications
Circular piece cut out by the sharp edges of a needle; the center
Core
(1) The propagation of living organisms or tissue in special media conducive to their growth; (2) Values, beliefs, and practices shared by most individuals within a group of people
Culture
The visual inspection of the interior of the bladder for the collection of biopsy specimens, collection of urine separately from each ureter, and treatment of various conditions
Cystoscopy
Break down
Degrade
Specified fluid used to dissolve a solute
Diluent
Technique of purposeful focusing of attention away from undesirable sensations and/or pain
Distraction
Stream of water or air directed against a part of the body or into a cavity
Douche
Process occurring when one drug modifies the action of another drug
Drug interaction
Tracing of the brain waves
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electronic medical record of drug orders and administration, in which nurses record the times at which doses of medication are given
Electronic medication administration record (eMAR)
Naturally occurring opiate-like peptides that modify the perception of pain
Endorphins
Instrument used to view inside a body cavity
Endoscope
Analgesia injected into the epidural space outside the dura mater to relieve pain
Epidural analgesia
The visual inspection of the upper digestive tract and the stomach to obtain specimens of gastric contents and to perform a biopsy on the stomach tissues
Gastroscopy
View of pain transmission as being controlled by a gate mechanism in the central nervous system
Gate control theory
Scale of measurement
Gauge
Drug name not protected by a trademark
Generic name
Pertaining to the buttocks
Gluteal
Guidance to use the imagination
Guided imagery
The time required for the plasma level of a drug to fall to half of a certain measured level
Half-life
Localized collection of clotted blood underneath the skin
Hematoma
Blood in the urine
Hematuria
Therapeutic suggestion, involving inducing a trancelike state using focusing and relaxation techniques and giving the patient suggestions that may be helpful after the return to an alert state of consciousness
Hypnosis
Area of the skin that feels hard
Induration
The act of forcing a liquid into a part or organ of the body
Injection
Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep at night
Insomnia
Institute formed to find ways to prevent medication errors
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
Into the dermis
Intradermal (ID)
Into the muscle
Intramuscular (IM)
Yellowness of the skin, sclera, mucous membranes, and excretions resulting from hyperbilirubinemia and deposition of bile pigments; also called icterus
Jaundice
A decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes)
Leukopenia
The formation of fatty lumps under the skin caused by insulin injections
Lipohypertrophy
Opening or interior diameter of a needle; channel within a tube
Lumen
Stimulation of the skin and underlying tissues with varying degrees of hand pressure to decrease pain, produce relaxation, and/or improve circulation
Massage
Patient record of drug orders and administration, in which nurses record the times at which doses of medication are given
Medication administration record (MAR)
Procedure used to compare medications ordered currently with those the patient normally takes at home or took during the previous medical facility admission
Medication reconciliation
Focusing on an image or thought
Meditation
The curved, upper surface of a liquid being poured for dosage administration
Meniscus
Device that delivers a measured dose of an inhalant medication
Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
Recurrent, uncontrollable brief episodes of sleep during hours of wakefulness
Narcolepsy
A decrease in the number of neutrophils
Neutropenia
When a patient does not or is unable to adhere to the medical and treatment plan
Nonadherence
The state of sleep when the body receives the most rest
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
Drugs with anti-inflammatory properties that do not contain steroids
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Points that the nurse needs to remember about a drug or needs to teach patients
Nursing implications
Having to do with the eyes
Ophthalmic
Having to do with the ear
Otic
Feeling of distress or suffering, caused by the stimulation of nerve endings
Pain
Group of tests
Panel
Analgesia doses controlled by the patient
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
The blood level at which a drug delivers its greatest action
Peak action
The highest and lowest blood level of a drug
Peak and trough
The study of a drugs effect on cellular physiology and biochemistry and the mechanism of action
Pharmacodynamics
By mouth; orally
PO
Order written to give a medication when the patient requires it
PRN
The period of sleep during which the brain waves are fast and of low voltage and autonomic activities (heart rate and respiration) are irregular; type of sleep associated with dreaming
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Technique for release of tension, which is helpful in reducing pain and in allowing the patient to obtain greater relief from pain medications
Relaxation
Structured method used to analyze serious adverse events in patient care
Root cause analysis
Results of unintended actions
Side effects
Condition in which a person will stop breathing for brief periods during sleep
Sleep apnea
Specimens for microscopic and cytologic study
Smears
Solid material that has been dissolved in a solution
Solute
Medication in the form of tiny time-released pellets within a capsule
Spansule
Order for a single dose of a medication to be given immediately
Stat order
Beneath the skin layers
Subcutaneous
Under the tongue
Sublingual
Combined interaction of drugs
Synergistic effect
Range or level of a drug in the blood that will produce a desired effect without causing toxic effects
Therapeutic range
Pertaining to a particular surface area of skin or mucous membrane
Topical
Harmful effects
Toxic effects
Manufacturers name for a drug or device, protected by a trademark
Trade name
Form of pain treatment that uses a small electrical stimulator attached to electrodes, which serves to block pain
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Through the skin
Transdermal
Wand that emits sound waves
Transducer
Syringe with graduated measurements to 1 mL
Tuberculin syringe
Reaction characterized by reddened, slightly elevated patches known as wheals
Urticaria
Puncture of the vein with a needle
Venipuncture
Small bottle
Vial
Sticky or gummy; having a high degree of viscosity or resistance to flow; thick
Viscous
Injection technique causing a needle track, or pathway, in the shape of a “Z”
Z-trach technique
For how long before blood chemistry tests are food and drink usually withheld
8 to 12 hours
What blood test is performed to assess kidney function
Blood urea nitrogen
Records reflection of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues
Ultrasonography (sonogram)
Produces waves and lines that represent the electrical activity during the cardiac cycle
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Endoscopic procedure that examines the entire large intestine for polyps, areas of inflammation, and malignant lesions
Colonoscopy
Procedure where a catheter is inserted into a vein or artery and threaded into the heart to obtain information about heart form and function
Cardiac catheterization
Procedure that involves the withdrawal of fluid or cells
Aspiration
It is necessary to rotate injection sites to…
Prevent fibrosis
The intradermal site is used when administering medications for…
Tuberculin testing
The parenteral route of injection that requires insertion of the needle at a 90-degree angle
Intramuscular
Mixing drugs that cause precipitation make the drug
Inactive
Withdrawing medications from an ampule requires
A filter needle
The preferred site for intramuscular injections in infants and newborns is the
Vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal muscles
The use of the dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal muscles for injections can cause
Sciatic nerve injury
Medication absorption occurs most quickly with
Intramuscular injections
Anaphylaxis is a result of
An allergy to medication
What is the best insulin injection site
Lower abdomen
If a nurse doesn’t understand a medication order, it is necessary for the nurse to…
Question the order
An order to give a medication as needed is called
PRN
Medications used to relieve pain are classified as
Analgesics
Digoxin is a
Drug that strengthens the heart
A tablet with a coating that does not dissolve until it is in the intestine is which form of drug
Enteric coated
A medication labeled for ophthalmic administration is prescribed for the
Eyes
Topical medications are often used to give medications to
Children
If a patient has difficulty swallowing a pill, the nurse may
Crush the pill and mix in food or juice
A complete drug order must contain the
Date and time the order was written and physicians signature
When using a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), the patient should
Hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhalation, trying not to cough
What allows the patients to administer medication within safe boundaries based on their perception of pain
Patient-controlled analgesia
Pain that continues for months or even years
Chronic
What are the four phases of nociceptive pain
Transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation
The gate control theory views pain transmission as being controlled by a gate mechanism in the…
Central nervous system
What uses a stimulator attached to electrodes that transmit current to block pain
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
What method of analgesia is administered through a fine catheter inserted near the base of the spine
Epidural
How many stages of sleep occur in the sleep cycle
Four
The condition in which a person stops breathing for brief periods during sleep
Sleep apnea
The strongest warning a drug can receive from the FDA is a
Black box warning
The composition of a particular form of a drug is designed to affect
Absorption and metabolism in the body
The FDA approves drug marketing for drugs that are
Safe and effective
The responsibility for the security of controlled drugs is shared responsibility of the nurse and the
Pharmacist
What route has the most rapid absorption rate
Intravenous
… refers to a drugs ability to dissolve, be absorbed, and be transported in the body to its desired site of action
Bioavailability
The less specific the drugs action, the more … the drug may have
Side effects
The range of levels of the drug in the blood that will produce the desired effect
Therapeutic range
