EXAM 2 FORESTRY

Question 1

What is ecophsiology?

Answer 1

ecology and physiology studied together in the context of the environment

Question 2

What is the importance of understanding ecophysiology?

Answer 2

forest succession mechanics, forest response to climate change, atmospheric chemistry of forests

Question 3

Basic associated of ecophysiology

Answer 3

animal seed dispersal, microbe accumulators, root symbiosis, consumers

Question 4

Important site factors that trees interact with

Answer 4

1. Climate- solar radiation, temperature, available moisture
2. Soil- physical, chemical and biological properties, soil and water movement
3. topography - microsite and mesosite

Question 5

factors related to plant distribution

Answer 5

1. temperature
2. moisture

Question 6

What is tolerance?

Answer 6

the ability to withstand stress

Question 7

What is shade tolerance

Answer 7

plants ability to tolerate different amounts of shade

Question 8

shade intolerant trees

Answer 8

aspen, paper birch, red pine

Question 9

very shade tolerant species

Answer 9

sugar maple, eastern hemlock

Question 10

moderate shade tolerant species

Answer 10

eastern white pine, northern red oak

Question 11

What is advance regeneration?

Answer 11

seedlings or saplings established naturally without the influence of harvesting under a forest canopy. next crop is already established at harvest

Question 12

What is the light compensation point?

Answer 12

value at which the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration

Question 13

relationship between soil properties and tree sustainability

Answer 13

soil and pH affects nutrient growth, soil physical and bulk density affects on root growth

Question 14

Soil pH

Answer 14

below 5.0 is acidic
5.5-6.5 is mildly acidic
6.5-7.2 is more alkaline
7.2-7.3 is considered alkaline

Question 15

symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots

Answer 15

increases surface area: increase in H2O and nutrient uptake

Question 16

Definition of silviculture

Answer 16

use of sustainable management practices to establish or guide the development of forested stands to soulful natural resource objectives

Question 17

why was silviculture created

Answer 17

created by the Germans when they experience a wood shortage

Question 18

crown classifications

Answer 18

Dominant: sunlight at the top and the sides
Codominant: sunlight at the top and little on the sides
Intermediate: only sunlight on the top
suppressed: no direct sunlight

Question 19

Even-Aged vs Uneven-Aged

Answer 19

Even-aged: dominant trees are all about the same age
uneven aged: stand has 3 or more age classes

Question 20

Describe tree size using an age class system

Answer 20

Seedling: 1-5 years, <3 ft tall
Sapling: 5-15 years,> 3ft tall to <4 in DBH
Pole: 15-60 years,> 4 in DBH to <8 in DBH
Mature: 60-150 years, height and diameter slows
Old growth: >150 years, age and stand attributes depend

Question 21

Tree Regeneration systems: Clear Cut

Answer 21

Most of the trees removed,Ideal with intolerant species
Mimic severe disturbance, planting or direct seeding, natural seeding (limits of seed dispersal, strips, or patch clearcut), advanced regeneration, and stump sprouting

Question 22

Tree Regeneration Systems: Seed Tree

Answer 22

Scattered trees left after harvest (seed source)
Ideally crop trees regenerate
Cons: seed crop and germination variability, competition, with throw shallow rooted trees
Harvest seed trees 5-8 years later

Question 23

Tree Regeneration System: Shelterwood

Answer 23

Retain sufficient number of trees per unit area
Seed trees, 30-80% canopy
Visual quality is the best of even aged systems
Remove overstory once understory is established

Question 24

Tree Regeneration System: Coppice

Answer 24

Dependance on vegetative regeneration
Root sprouting (aspen)
Stump sprouting (red maple, northern red oak)

Question 25

Pros and Cons Natural Regeneration

Answer 25

Pros: lower cost Cons: nature and probability, too few or too many

Question 26

Pros and Cons Artificial Regneration

Answer 26

Pros: dependable and predictable More reliable stand establishment Better control of species and spacing Genetic improvements Cons: higher cost, site prep

Question 27

Field grown bare root vs container grown seedling

Answer 27

Field grown: grown in a field rather than a pot or other artificial environment Container grown: plants are grown in containers (pots) rather than the ground

Question 28

Advantage of mixed stands

Answer 28

More niches filled (soil and arboreal) Greater pest resilience Diversity, flexibility, and market prices Social desires for aesthetics and recreation Wildlife habitat and refugia

Question 29

Advantage of Pure stands

Answer 29

Fit valuable species in a stand Ease with stand management Reduced harvesting costs and stand entries

Question 30

Disadvantage of Pure stands

Answer 30

Aesthetics can be reduced Diversity decreases

Question 31

Advantage of even-aged stands

Answer 31

Reduce harvest residue – reduced fire risk Steady income with small woodlots Favorable odds with species regeneration wood quality greater harvest volume greater per harvest uniform growth rates

Question 32

disadvantage uneven-aged

Answer 32

Increased harvest cost More frequent entry, greater admin costs Increased silviculture knowledge Increased administration

Question 33

Intermediate practices: Release Treatment

Answer 33

fire desirable species- removed competition and frees resources best before pole stage many treatments: fire, herbicide, mechanical

Question 34

Intermediate practices: Improvement Cuts

Answer 34

used on pole and mature stands remove low value trees- defected or deformed, diseased or infected leave the best, cut the rest

Question 35

Intermediate practices: Thinning

Answer 35

reduces stand density often in even aged stands usually total volume does not increase increases in residual potential size available light, water and nutrients, increased forest health

Question 36

Types of Thinning: Below or Low

Answer 36

Removes suppressed and intermediate crown classes Light thinning: removes smaller DBH trees Heavy thinning: some codominant trees removed

Question 37

Types of Thinning: Above or Hight

Answer 37

removes dominant and codominant trees high grading is not desirable decreases stand genetics

Question 38

Types of Thinning: Mechanical

Answer 38

removes rows or strips relatively quick and economical response is short-lived: tree growth slows to a limiting factor, must repeat thinning every 10-15 years

Question 39

Intermediate Practices: Pruning

Answer 39

improves wood quality more than just cutting: natural target pruning, trees seal, don't heal

Question 40

Intermediate Practices: Salvage Cuts

Answer 40

removes trees damaged by wind, fire, insects, disease, drought, flood, or ice storm harvested before quality decreases

Question 41

Intermediate Practices: Fertilization

Answer 41

improves growth limiting factors: nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 42

proper location to prune a branch

Answer 42

cut the dead branch as close as you can to the branch axil

Question 43

What are the two land surveys systems used in the US

Answer 43

1. Metes and Bonds 2. US Public Land Survey

Question 44

initial point

Answer 44

origin

Question 45

principal meridian (PM)

Answer 45

North and South Direction

Question 46

base line (BL)

Answer 46

East and West Direction

Question 47

Standard Paraelles (SP)

Answer 47

East and West Direction, 24 miles

Question 48

Guide Meridians (GM)

Answer 48

North and South Direction, 24 miles

Question 49

Township Lines (TL)

Answer 49

East and West Direction, 6 miles

Question 50

Range Lines (RL)

Answer 50

North direction, 6 miles

Question 51

Township

Answer 51

36 miles squared

Question 52

section

Answer 52

1 mile squared