Exam 2: Equine Upper Airway Dz Flashcards
What are clinical indications of upper airway disease
Respiratory noise
Nasal discharge
Epistaxis
Facial swelling/asymmetry
Poor performance
What are the 3 causes of nasal passage/sinus conditions
Sinusitis
Progressive ethmoid hematomas
Tumors/cysts
What are the diagnositcs of sinusitis
Most common sinus condition
Horse present with nasal discharge
Radiopgrahs +/- CT
Resting endoscope
What is primary sinusitis caused from
Results from previous URI
What is secondary sinusitis caused from
Dental disease or tumor
Must remove primary problem or else it will keep returning
What are progressive ethmoid hematomas
Smooth, yellow/green-tinged mass from ethmoid labyrinth
Causes intermittent mild epistaxis
Recurrence is high
What are the characteristics of sinus tumors/cysts
Often have facial deformity
Nasal discharge from secondary sinusitis
What are the guttural pouch conditions
Tympany
Mycosis
Empyema/chondroids
Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)
Guttural Pouch Tympany characteristics
Unilateral or bilateral swelling of guttural pouch (soft and nonpainful on palpation)
Occurs within the first year of life
What are the characteristics of guttural pouch mycosis
Severe unilateral epistaxis (potential for exsanguination)
Can affect internal carotid, external carotid, and maxillary artery
Do not disturb hemostasis
What are the characteristics of guttural pouch empyema/chondroids
Intermittent nasal discharge/lymphadenopathy, dyspnea, dysphagia
Occurs in young animals
Associated with strangles
Very contagious
Purulent fluid (empyema)
Chronic infection (chondroids)
What are the temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)
Progressive disease of the temporohyoid joint
Seen in older horses
Behavior changes, head tilt, facial nerve paralysis
What are 2 types of pharyngeal conditions
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)
Cleft palate
What are characteristics of dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Expiratory noise during exercise
Poor performance/exercise intolerance
Intermittent or persistent
What are 3 common laryngeal conditions
Epiglottic entrapement
Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
Arytenoid chondritis
What are characteristics of Epiglottic entrapment
Aryepiglottic membrane envelops epiglottis
Respiratory noise, exercise intolerance
Misinterrupted as DDSP
What are characteristics of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (ROAR)
Almost always left-sided
Most common in tall horses
Inspiratory noise, exercise intolerance
What are grades of laryngeal hemiplegia
I-Symmetric, synchronous (normal)
II-Asynchronous, full range of motion
III-Asynchronous, decreased abduction
IV-Paralyzed, no movement
What are characteristics of arytenoid chondritis
Ascending infection from mucosal disruption
Dramatic inflammation and edema in acute stage
Chronic cases result in fibrosis and reduced mobility
