Exam 2 contd.

Question 1

Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory), mid-sixth
century. Ivory: 
1. A great deal of ancient Greek and
Roman style is still employed in
...of the Byzantine era,.
2. A recoiling barbarian is startled as
Justinian rears his horse to receive
a crown from... on the upper
right.

Answer 1

ivory carvings;

Victory

Question 2

Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory), mid-sixth
century. Ivory: 
3. The depiction of... paying
tribute on the bottom panel echoes
a classical frieze as well.
4. The source of the Emperors
strength however, comes from
... depicted above.

Answer 2

barbarians;

Christ;

Question 3

Crucifixion, mosaic in the Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, ca. 1090–1100:
1. An example of classical simplicity
and dignity with Byzantine
… and ….
2. Figures point to Christ as a
… figure.
3. No more is Christ young and oblivious to suffering like early Christian art.

Answer 3

emotion; piety;

devotional

Question 4

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child, icon (Vladimir Virgin),
late 11th to early 12th century. Tempera on wood:
1. This is a masterpiece of middle Byzantine Icon
painting.
2. A great example of stylized abstraction of the figure.
(… nose, … mouth. Flat silhouette against …
ground)
3. More …, …, and personalized image than
the Mount Sinai Icon.

Answer 4

long; 
small; 
golden; 
tender; 
emotive

Question 5

ANDREI RUBLYEV, Three angels (Old Testament Trinity),
ca. 1410. Tempera on wood:
1. Icon painting continued in Russia well beyond the life span of the
Byzantine Empire.
2. The Czars (Caesar’s) saw Russia as the…
3. Russian Icons had strong …, firm …, and intense ….

Answer 5

third Rome;
patterns;
lines;
coloration

Question 6

ANDREI RUBLYEV, Three angels (Old Testament Trinity),
ca. 1410. Tempera on wood:
4. All three angels are nearly identical.
5. Contrast is achieved through the use of …
juxtaposed throughout the painting.

Answer 6

complimentary colors;

Question 7

Islamic world;
1. Islamic culture, influenced in part by the…, laid the foundations for … and …,
and made significant contributions to …, …, and the …

Answer 7

Hellenists; 
arithmetic; 
algebra; 
astronomy; 
medicine; 
natural sciences;

Question 8

Islamic World;
2. It’s architecture and art replaced the Late Antique style and influenced the Western medieval style in
Europe.
3. … and … are united under Islam, so, like other powerful groups before and after them, they were
builders on a grand scale.

Answer 8

politics; religion

Question 9

Aerial view of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 687–692:

1. The shrine of the “Dome of the Rock,” the first great Islamic building, was built to mark the triumph of Islam in… at a site sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike.
2. It contains the oldest surviving … (niche indicating the direction of Mecca) in the world.
3. Octagonal in shape, its impressive and beautiful edifice can be seen from all over Jerusalem.
4. The Dome is so dominant that the… becomes a base.

Answer 9

Jerusalem;
mihrab;
Octagon

Question 10

Aerial view of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 687–692:
5. Colorful patterning wraps the wall like textile.
6. Islamic architecture did not distinguish …
7. The shrine has 54 windows: The 16 colored glass windows in the drum have … and are among the most beautiful windows in the world. The shrine of the “Dome of the Rock,” the first great Islamic building, was built over
the site where the Jewish “Temple of Solomon” stood before the romans destroyed it in 70 CE.
8. It is styled after the …, Consantine’s Church of the …, and …

Answer 10

interior from exterior décor.;
Quranic verses;
Pantheon; Holy Sepulcher;
San Vita

Question 11

Aerial view of the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 706–715:
1. The capital of Islam was… in 661.
2. Like the Dome shrine, this Mosque owes much to Roman and Christian architecture as well as recalling
the layout of Muhammad’s own …in Medina.
3. Pier arcades frame the structure making a Roman forum-like ….

Answer 11

Damascus;
hypostyle house;
courtyard

Question 12

Aerial view of the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 706–715:
4. The …, modifications of Roman square towers, are the earliest in Islam.
5. The hypostyle mosque most closely reflects the mosque’s supposed origin—Muhammad’s … in
Medina.
6. Mosque interiors are decorated solely with abstract designs and or …

Answer 12

minarets;
house;
Arabic script

Question 13

Aerial view of the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 706–715:
7. Islamic religious architecture is closely related to facilitating … and thus has ample room for
prayer.
8. Mosques are always oriented with the Qibla wall facing ….

Answer 13

Muslim prayer;

Mecca;

Question 14

The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia, ca. 836–875.
1. One of the finest hypostyle mosques, still in use today. It has been accorded great significance as the
first mosque of Islam in the …
2. The Great Mosque of Kairouan has played a major role in the evolution of North African architecture as
a model for all later… sacred architecture.
3. The arched forecourt resembles a Roman….

Answer 14

West;
Moorish;
forum

Question 15

The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia, ca. 836–875.
4. The nave is flanked by eight columned aisles to accommodate a …
5. It still houses a finely crafted wooden… (speaking podium) from 862.
6. The bay in front of the mihrab is crowned by a…, one of the oldest stone-built domes in North
Africa.

Answer 15

large congregation;
minbar;
dome

Question 16

Koran page with beginning of surah 18, “Al-Kahf” (The Cave),
9th or early 10th century. Ink and gold on vellum:
1…. held high honor in the Islamic world.
2. Artists wanted to reproduce the Koran’s sacred words in the most beautiful script possible.
3. This stately… script was used in the earliest Koran’s and is adorned by a palm-tree finial.
4. To facilitate recitation, vowels are indicated by… symbols above or below the consonant characters.
5. This script/page design approach parallels… manuscripts.

Answer 16

Calligraphy;
Kufic;
red;
Celtic

Question 17

Cordoba Mosque 8th to 10th Centuries. (rededicated
as Cathedral of Saint Mary in 1236.):
1. Abd al Rahman, the only Umayyad member
to escape the Abbasid massacre of his clan,
fled to Spain in 750. The Spanish Umayyad
dynasty lasted almost 3 centuries.
2. Afterwards, the building was divided between the Muslims and Christians.
3…. was a center of culture rivaling that
of Baghdad and exerted major influence on
the Christian West.
4. The…. was the largest mosque
in the Islamic West.

Answer 17

Cordoba;

Great mosque

Question 18

Cordoba Mosque 8th to 10th Centuries. (rededicated
as Cathedral of Saint Mary in 1236.):
5. An open court is surrounded by …, the
…, colorful …, and windows of
colored … The original courtyard had
citrus and palm trees planted in a pattern.

Answer 18

arcades;
minaret;
mosaics;
glass

Question 19

Prayer hall of the Great Mosque Córdoba, Spain, 8th to 10th centuries:
1. The hypostyle hall entailed a unique series of double tiered arched… that are smaller at the bottom.
2. The arches seem to billow and float, contributing to the light and airy effect of
the interior.
3…. (Corbels employed as
decorative devices that intentionally deny
the structures’ solidity) cover the ceiling.

Answer 19

columns;
float;
Muquarnas

Question 20

Prayer hall of the Great Mosque Córdoba, Spain, 8th to 10th centuries:
4. They were intended to catch and reflect… and form beautiful abstract
patterns.
5…. on the walls compare the
lacelike Muquarna ceiling to “heavenly
spheres whose orbits revolve.”

Answer 20

sunlight;

Inscriptions

Question 21

SINAN, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568–1575:
1. Designed by the Turkish architect…, a contemporary of the Italian artist Michelangelo, when he was almost 80
years old.
2. The central plan mosque, dominant in Iran, became the standard in… Architecture.
3. Using the… as a model and rival, Sinan erected a Mosque with a design similar to, and a dome taller than
it’s counterpart.

Answer 21

Sinan;
Ottoman;
Hagia Sophia

Question 22

SINAN, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568–1575:

4. The massive structure is contrasted by the delicate and thin… (each over 200 feet high).
5. The Ottoman’s considered this mosque as proof that they had finally outshined the Christian emperors in the realm of ….

Answer 22

minarets;

architecture;

Question 23

SINAN, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568–1575:
6. The interior is a fusion of an … and a … covered square with half domes in the corners.
Everything is in a ratio of …
7. The forecourt of the building covers an area exactly equal to that of the mosque proper.

Answer 23

octagon; dome;

1:2;

Question 24

SINAN, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568–1575:

8. The mihrab is recessed with …, illuminating the tile panels with glowing light.
9. It is an engineering marvel using geometrically precise ratios and designs.
10. Mosque Domes were erected with a great margin of structural stability, serving them well in earthquake prone Turkey

Answer 24

three windows;

Question 25

Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Iran, ca. 1354. Glazed mosaic tilework:

1. The two basic techniques used in ceramic tile work were … (tiles set in plaster or
   mortar) and … (dry rope).
2. This is a masterpiece of mosaic tile work.
3. Every piece had to be made and cut to go into a specific place on the Mihrab.
4. It shows the perfect union of Islamic … and ornate designed patterns.

Answer 25

mosaic;
cuerda seca;
calligraphy;

Question 26

MAQSUD OF KASHAN, Carpet from the funerary mosque of Shaykh Safi al-Din, Ardabil, Iran, 1540. Knotted pile of wool and silk:
1. There are approximately 25 million knots in this carpet.
If you made one knot per second, it would still take
290 days (about 10 months) to make this carpet.
2. Maqsud’s name is.. into the carpet.
3. The central sunburst medallion, flanked by 16
pendants, represents the …of the Mosque.
4. The carpet depicts the heavenly dome reflected in a
… filled pool of water

Answer 26

woven;
inside dome;
lotus leaf

Question 27

1. The New World inhabitants appeared in the
   Americas around 12,000 years ago and settled
   various regions of the two continents.
2. They most likely came from… over a land bridge across the Bering Strait.
3. These people were …. and made
   tools of bone, stone, and wood.

Answer 27

Asia;

hunter gatherers;

Question 28

The Americas before 1300:
4. Several groups reached high levels of social
and technological achievements: Advanced
civilizations such as Aztecs, Mayans, and Incans revealed power and wealth in their
… and massive …
(similar to Mesopotamian Catal Huyuk and Greek civilizations where knowledge equaled
power).

Answer 28

building designs;

city complexes

Question 29

The Americas before 1300:
5. They developed a … and …
which included 800 glyphs.
6. The Aztecs tried to maintained good favor with
their gods through …, Priests
performing sacrifices atop step pyramids, (a
structure used in Egyptian, Mesopotamian and
Indian art as well)

Answer 29

calendar;
writing system;
blood sacrifices

Question 30

Mesoamerican three epochs:
… (2000 BCE - 300 CE)
… (300 -900 CE)
… (900-1521 CE)

Answer 30

pre-classic;
classic;
post-classic

Question 31

Mesoamerica:
1. The area flourished before … and …
from Europe destroyed it.
2. The civilizations shared cultural similarities: A
ritual …, monumental ceremonial buildings, a complex system of multiple
… (260 day ritual cycle and a 365 day agricultural cycle), practiced class distinction.

Answer 31

disease;
conquest;
ball game;
calendars

Question 32

Mesoamerica
3. Mesoamerica encompasses the area of Mexico
to present day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
and western El Salvador.
4. The diverse… and … may have
contributed to the many languages spoken in
the region.

Answer 32

landscape;

climate;

Question 33

Intermediate and south American Region:

1. Columbians were great craftsmen and goldsmiths.
2. South Americans were an older and in many ways more advanced culture than the Mesoamericans.
3. Northern Chileans actually… their dead 500 years before the Egyptians did.
4. Settlements began around 3000 BCE in the Andes.
5. Much of their architecture was … shaped platform like structures

Answer 33

goldsmiths;
mummified;
“U”

Question 34

North America:
1. Indigenous cultures date back as far as
12,000 years ago.
2. North America was sparsely populated, Most people …, …, and … plants.

Answer 34

hunted; fished; plants

Question 35

North America:

3. Concentrated populations were around the … and … Rivers.
4. The area around Louisiana developed … (squash, sunflower, corn) around 1000 B.C.

Answer 35

Missouri; Mississippi;

agriculture

Question 36

Drinker (seated figure
with raised arms), from
Colima, Mexico, ca. 200
BCE–500 CE. Clay with
orange and red slip: 
1. The Drinker comes from the
Western Mexican coast.
2. May be a ... or
... practitioner.
3. The horn is both a symbol of special ... and an
emblem of ...
4. Came from tombs as deep
as 50 feet.
5. These clay figures are highly burnished and red-orange in color

Answer 36

religious;
political;
powers;
rulership

Question 37

Aerial view of Teotihuacan (looking south), Pyramid of the Moon (foreground), Pyramid of the Sun (top left), and the
Citadel (background), all connected by the Avenue of the Dead; Mexico:
1. Teotihuacan (The place of the gods) was the largest city in the Americas between 350-650 CE (200,000
people).
2. All the monumental structures echo the surrounding…. Unlike the pyramids of Egypt, the
pyramids at Teotihuacan aren’t build of solid stone; they consist of stone and brick… covered with
layers of cut stone.
3. Ramped … led to the crowning temples which were made of wood.

Answer 37

mountains;
rubble;
stairways;

Question 38

Aerial view of Teotihuacan (looking south), Pyramid of the Moon (foreground), Pyramid of the Sun (top left), and the
Citadel (background), all connected by the Avenue of the Dead; Mexico:
4. A distinctive feature of Teotihuacan architecture was the alternating use of … and … layers.
5. Buried children are found at the pyramids’ corners and may have been sacrificed to beckon…, a preoccupation with the Aztec culture.
6. The Avenue of the dead was 130 feet wide and 2 miles long.
7. City Center was… and … center. 60,000 people could attend religious ceremonies.

Answer 38

sloped; 
vertical; 
rain; 
religious; 
governmental

Question 39

Temple I (Temple of the Giant Jaguar), Maya, Tikal, Guatemala:
1. Tikal is another large .. city (covering 75 square miles, it was three times the size of Newark.)
2. The nine tiers of the temple
probably symbolize the nine tiers of the ….
3. The temple was probably painted red or white.
4. A Tikali ruler was buried in a chamber under the pyramid’s…, not unlike the pharaohs in Egypt.

Answer 39

Mayan;
underworld;
base;

Question 40

Aerial view (looking southwest) of the Castillo, Maya, Chichén Itzá, Mexico,

ca. 800–900 CE:
1. Like Tikal, this pyramid has nine levels and its design is tied into the ….
2. The north side has 92 steps, the other three sides, 91, for a total of 365.
3. At the winter and summer equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow along the northern staircase of the pyramid. Because of the pyramids silhouette and the angle of the sun, the shadow looks like a… slithering along the face

Answer 40

solar year;

serpent

Question 41

Hummingbird, Nasca, Nasca Plain, Peru, ca. 500 CE. Dark layer of pebbles scraped
aside to reveal lighter clay and calcite beneath:
1. Earth Drawing of a Hummingbird, 200’ long. (May have marked … to shrines but purpose
is unclear.)
2. The Nasca’s are best known for colossal earthworks,…, made on great stretches of desert by removing dark stones and exposing the light underlying stones.
3. Each geoglyph was maintained by a clan. At certain times clans would gather and exchange goods and look for … 4. 800 miles of lines drawn into the landscape exist.

Answer 41

pilgrimage route;
geoglyphs;
marriage partners.

Question 42

Serpent Mound, Mississippian, Ohio, ca. 1070 CE:

1. This is the world’s largest …., (Ceremonial mounds built in the shape of animals or birds by native North American peoples.), and measures almost ¼ of a mile long.
2. The mounds are clay and rock covered by soil built on a meteor site to create an undulating, intricate design.
3. The Great Serpent, a mythological creature of the Mississippian people, embodied power from the… and was associated with … and …

Answer 42

effigy mound;
Underworld;
earth; fertility

Question 43

Serpent Mound, Mississippian, Ohio, ca. 1070 CE:

4. Mississippians valued the relationship between the … and ….
5. It’s form may also honor the path of a significant event (…).
6. Its purpose remains unknown to scholars.

Answer 43

universe;
mankind
Hayley’s comet;

Question 44

Cliff Palace, Ancestral Puebloan, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado,
ca. 1150–1300 CE.
1. A communal multistoried … made of stone or adobe brick by the native Americans of the
southwest Pueblo’s.
2. Over 200 rooms in three or four storied apartment buildings.
3. The circular structures called …, are for performing private rituals and storing sacred objects.
4. Pueblo’s also dwelled in community caves in canyons and on cliffs for … and ….

Answer 44

dwelling;
Kivas;
protection;
insulation’

Question 45

Africa Before 1800
1. Humankind most likely originated in Africa.
2. Thousands of rock … and … constitute the earliest African art. Some as far back as 25,000 years
ago.

Answer 45

engravings; paintings;

Question 46

Africa Before 1800:
3. Early Africans shared many core beliefs:
Honoring …, worshiping…., consulting diviners or fortune tellers, and elevating rulers to … status.

Answer 46

ancestors;
nature deities;
sacred

Question 47

Africa Before 1800:
4. African art is very diverse and rich and
has been an inspiration to many artists
since the early 1,900’s.
5. Many Africans lavish artistic energy on the decoration of their own bodies to
express their identity and status or to celebrate rituals and festivals.
6. The… culture of central Nigeria produced the oldest African examples of sculpture between 500 BCE and 200
CE.
7. Bronze-casting, using the … method, is first documented in Africa
in the 9th or 10th century CE at Igbo Ukwu (Nigeria).

Answer 47

bodies;
Noc;
lost-wax

Question 48

Three Woman Dancing, Sefar, Algeria, ca. 6000–4000 BCE:
1. The scenes at this site are unique, nothing comparable is known elsewhere in Tassili.
2. Most rock art is found in the in the north, the Horn of Africa on the east, and
the Kalahari Desert in the south.
3. Most rock art dates from the last 4,000 to 6,000 years.
4. It provides a rich record of human … and …from the times.

Answer 48

activities;

animals species

Question 49

Altar to the Hand and Arm (ikegobo), from Benin, Nigeria, 17th to 18th century. Bronze
1. Depending on a patron’s wealth and place within the hierarchy of the kingdom, these objects are made of brass, wood, or clay.
2. In the royal kingdom of Benin, cylindrical “altars to the hand,” or ikegobo, are created to celebrate a person’s … and
….
3. The… signifies will and
power.

Answer 49

accomplishments;
successes;
large head;

Question 50

Altar to the Hand and Arm (ikegobo), from Benin, Nigeria, 17th to 18th century. Bronze

4. The Kings … and multi
   - strand … shows his high standing
5. In front of the King are leopards symbolizing … and ….

Answer 50

size;
necklace;
power;
sacrifice

Question 51

Equestrian figure on fly-whisk hilt, from Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria,
9th to 10th century. Copper-alloy bronze:
1. By the ninth century, a sophisticated West African
…tradition had developed.
2. This piece is the earliest documented example of an… figure in sub-Saharan African sculpture.
3. An equestrian image is depicted on the handle. There
is a stylized human-like figure sitting on a horse like
animal.
4. He is exaggerated in scale to magnify his….
5. The prominent facial stripes represent titled status and
can still be found among Igbo speaking people today.
6. The lower portion of the handle is embellished with
beaded and threadlike patterns.

Answer 51

bronze-casting;
equestrian;
stature;

Question 52

King, from Ita Yemoo (Ife), Nigeria, 11th to 12th
century. Zinc-brass:
1. Unlike most African sculpture, this figure is… modeled.
2. The head, however (the source of …), is too
large for the figure.
3. Pieces like this were so well made that people thought they were ancient Greek sculptures.
4. These sculptures focused attention on naturalistic
detail but at the same time they were….

Answer 52

naturalistically;
wisdom;
idealized;

Question 53

Aerial view of the Great Mosque, Djenne, Mali, Begun 13th century, rebuilt 1906-1907:
1. This mosque has a plan similar to middle eastern mosques.
2. The facade and materials (Adobe and wood) however, is distinctly African.
3. It features soaring … and …that produce a
majestic rhythm.
4. Soaring towers and vertical buttresses resembling engaged columns
produce a majestic rhythm.

Answer 53

adobe towers;

buttresses;

Question 54

Beta Giorghis (Church of Saint George), Lalibela, Ethiopia, 13th century:

1. During the 13th century, the Christian kingdom of Lalibela cut many churches out of the …. Inside is a carved dome and frescos.
2. One of the most interesting churches in Ethiopia is this Tufa rock church. This church is 45’ tall and the “Greek Cross” is 40 x 40 feet.
3. Rock cut buildings are rare and they require careful planning.
4. Underground… link 11 Churches together.
5. The ruler of the region wanted to establish a “New Jerusalem” pilgrimage site for Ethiopian Christians.
6. This one emulates Byzantine models and has a Greek-cross plan and interior frescoes.

Answer 54

Ethiopian bedrock;

tunnels;

Question 55

Waist pendant of a Queen Mother, from Benin, Nigeria, ca.1520.:
1. This pendent is remarkable for its sensitive….
2. This ivory head probably portrays Idia, mother of Oba Esigie, who wore it on his
waist.
3. The crown depicts alternating Portuguese heads and mud fish which
reflects … while
honoring …
4. The Benin probably associated the
Portuguese with a deity responsible for
….

Answer 55

naturalism;
diplomatic relationships;
sea gods;
abundance and prosperity