Exam 2 contd. 2

Question 1

Early Medieval Europe:
1. Medieval or Middle Ages is a reference to the time between two great civilizations—
Rome and the Renaissance.
2. The period between 500 and 1000 was a
great formative time for western medieval
art.
3. Only small portable status symbols such as
weapons and lavish personal adornments buried with the dead survive of the.. people’s of very early medieval art.

Answer 1

Rome;
Renaissance;
nonroman

Question 2

Early medieval Europe;
4. After the fall of Rome in 410, the Huns, Vandals, Franks, Goths, and other nonRoman peoples competed for power and territory in the former northwestern
provinces of the Roman Empire.
5. The imagery includes intertwined ribbon-like
designs called interlacing.
6. The decoration of these early medieval objects displays a variety of abstract and… motifs.
7. These design features reflect the cultures of
pre-Christian Northern Europe.

Answer 2

interlacing;

zoomorphic;

Question 3

Wooden portal of the Stave Church at Urnes, Norway, ca. 1050–1070:

1. A… (wedge shaped timbers) Church is a Medieval wooden structure with post and beam construction prevalent in Norway.
2. By the 11th century, most of Scandinavia became Christian.
3. This portal is decorated with… sensibilities.

Answer 3

Stave;

Viking

Question 4

Hiberno-Saxon Art (6th to 10th centuries):
• The Christian art of the early medieval British Isles is called Hiberno-Saxon (or…).
• While warlords amassed artwork dominated by sinuous …, monasteries were being established in
Christian northern Europe.

Answer 4

Insular;

abstract animals

Question 5

Hiberno-Saxon Art (6th to 10th centuries)
• In a world of illiteracy, monasteries became great centers for … and important centers for …
production.
• … were the most important works made by the Celtic culture during the 7th and 8th centuries.

Answer 5

learning;
manuscript;
Illuminated books

Question 6

Hiberno-Saxon Art (6th to 10th centuries)
•… were the primary tools used to Christianize Britain, Scotland, Ireland, and then the Scandinavians, thus
manuscript writing flourished during this time.
• Although many types of books were created in the middle ages,… books tended to be the ones that were illustrated.
• The primary sacred text was the… (the book).

Answer 6

Manuscripts;
sacred;
Bible

Question 7

Hiberno-Saxon Art (6th to 10th centuries)
• Since Bibles were difficult to produce, scribes gathered several biblical books into separate ….
• The most important artworks are the illuminated manuscripts produced in the monastic scriptoria of Ireland and
Northumbria.
• Text pages often feature enlarged …
• Some Hiberno-Saxon books also have full pages depicting each of the Four Evangelists or their symbols.
• The most distinctive features of these Insular books are the full pages devoted neither to text nor to illustration but
to pure embellishment in the form of … made up of decorative panels of abstract and zoomorphic
motifs.

Answer 7

volumes;
initial letters;
carpet pages;

Question 8

Cross-inscribed carpet page, folio 26 verso of the Lindisfarne Gospels, from
Northumbria, England, ca. 698
–721. Tempera on vellum:
1. The illustrated book that Christian missionaries
brought to Ireland was reborn as Illuminated
manuscripts.
2. One of the most characteristic features of Celtic
illumination are individual pages devoted purely to….
3. These “carpet pages” were made up of abstract and
zoomorphic forms.
4. Some manuscript pages were the enlarged …of an important passage.
5. These pages have no precedents in ancient or
classical art.
6. The marriage of animal interlaced design and
Christian imagery is evident in this cross inscribed
page.
7. Although this rhythm produces the effect of
movement and change, it is dominated by the
dominant shape of the inscribed….

Answer 8

embellishment;
initial letters;
cross

Question 9

Chi-rho-iota (XPI) page,
folio 34 recto of the Book of Kells, probably from Iona, Scotland, late eighth or early ninth century. Tempera on vellum:
1. The Book of Kells, the greatest achievement of Celtic art, was housed in an elaborate metalwork box.
2. It boasts an unprecedented number of full page illuminations.
3. It was described in 1003 as the chief relic of the western world.
4. XPI, the initial letters spelling Christ in Greek, and the small abbreviations on
the bottom, read “This is how the birth of Christ came about.”
6. They make God’s word literally and visually beautiful.
7…. and… make up the
composition as well.

Answer 9

Faces;

animal forms

Question 10

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald, from Metz, France, ninth century. Bronze, originally gilt:
1. Charlemagne patronized the arts, commissioned
illuminated manuscripts, and fostered a revival of
….
2. Modeled after the equestrian portrait of … in Rome.
3. The Carolingian (Carolus Magnus) emperor is
crowned and holds a globe, the symbol of …

Answer 10

learning;
Marcus Aurelius;
world
dominion.

Question 11

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald, from Metz, France, ninth century. Bronze, originally gilt:
4. He is not a warrior emperor, but a ….
5. The Carolingian’s ruled the area off and on until
Napoleon destroyed it in 1806.
6. Along with the Arabs, the earliest known manuscripts
of many Greek and roman authors are….

Answer 11

king;

Carolingian

Question 12

Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 792–805:

1. This building foreshadows 11th century,,, Architecture.
2. This is the first … structure of the middle ages north of the alps.
3. The complex appears as a simple and massive geometric form.

Answer 12

Romanesque;

vaulted;

Question 13

Westwork of the abbey church, Corvey, Germany, 873 –885.
1. Ottonian architects built … churches with towering spires and imposing westworks from Carolingian models but introduced the alternate
-support system and … into the interior elevation of the nave.
2. An important feature of Carolingian church architecture was the
“..,” a monumental western façade incorporating two towers.

Answer 13

basilica;
galleries;
westwork;

Question 14

Westwork of the abbey church, Corvey, Germany, 873 –885.
3. This is the sole surviving example of a Carolingian “westwork” church.
4. Westwork’s housed more … for special celebrations, or served as an area for … to observe the
church service.

Answer 14

altars;

dignitaries;

Question 15

Romanesque Europe About 1100:
1. The Romanesque era is defined and viewed as the time when large scale sculpture and architecture employing …
and … on rounded … re-appeared and looked “Roman-like.”

Answer 15

barrel;
groin vaulting;
arches;

Question 16

Romanesque Europe About 1100:
2. These new urban centers, located on rivers, replaced feudalism and became the nuclei of … and …
commerce.
3. An increase in trade encouraged the growth of towns and cities in Medieval Europe.
4. New buildings and churches were built due to demand in the new cities, and as a result of “thanksgiving” that the
world had not ended at the turn of the ….

Answer 16

maritime;
overland;
millennium

Question 17

Romanesque Europe About 1100:

5. Religious building also reflected the increase of .. in Europe.
6. The leading patrons of Romanesque art were … of the Cluniac order. The Cistercian order, on the other hand, condemned … in churches and religious books.

Answer 17

pilgrimage traffic;
monks;
figural art;

Question 18

Important Elements of Romanesque Architecture: 
•... – major
innovation
• Radiating ...
• ... and its parts

Answer 18

Ambulatory;
chapels;
portal

Question 19

Important Elements of Romanesque Architecture: 
• ..., ..., and side
...
• ... (overall shape of
building)

Answer 19

nave;
transept;
aisles;
cruciform

Question 20

Important Elements of Romanesque Architecture: 
• Crossing ...
• .../ tribune level
• ... (usually small in
Romanesque churches)

Answer 20

square;
gallery;
clerestory

Question 21

Important Elements of Romanesque Architecture: 
• ... (the norm for
Romanesque naves)
• ...(less common,
used more in side aisles)
• ... (element in a
monastic abbey church)

Answer 21

Barrel vault;
groin vault;
cloister

Question 22

Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070–1120:

1. Toulouse was an important stop on the pilgrimage road.
2. The scale of the church could easily accommodate the large crowds that assembled there.
3. “Pilgrimage churchs” are evidenced in the long … and doubled side aisles along with the ambulatory and radiating chapels which provide …. for pilgrims and clergy.
4. All increments are regular and geometrically precise.
5. Each nave bay is ½ the crossing square and each aisle bay is ¼.

Answer 22

nave;

additional space

Question 23

South portal of Saint-Pierre,
Moissac, France,ca. 1115 –1135.:
1. During the Romanesque period,… appeared around the doors and along the portals.
2. The… was comparable in significance to the pediment in Greek & Roman architectural sculpture.
3. Church clergy considered the doorway the beginning of the … through Christ. “I am the door, he who enters through me will be saved.”

Answer 23

sculpture;
tympanum;
path to salvation;

Question 24

South portal of Saint-Pierre,
Moissac, France,ca. 1115 –1135.:
4. The zigzag animation of the figures contrasts nicely with the static monumentality of the portal, producing a dynamic tension within the composition.
5. The scalloped contours of the door jambs are borrowed from Islamic architecture.
6…. was the most common central motif in Romanesque portals.
7. Here, flanked by the four evangelists, Christ is enthroned as he oversees the
…

Answer 24

Christ;

last judgment

Question 25

Interior of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, late 11th to early 12th century:

1. The technique of mixing concrete had not survived into the middle ages, thus it was difficult for architects to design churches with large vaults.
2. Italian architects during the Romanesque period, rooted in the early Christian basilica style, never fully accepted the… of the northern aesthetic.
3. Windows in the octagonal dome provide ….
4. This is one of the first examples of … used in architecture.

Answer 25

verticality;
heaven’s light;
rib vaulting;

Question 26

Cathedral complex, Pisa, Italy; cathedral begun 1063; baptistery begun 1153;
campanile begun 1174:
1. The cathedral complex in Pisa dramatically shows the … of this maritime port city.
2. Funds for the complex came from the spoils of a naval victory over the Muslims in Palermo, Sicily.
3. The cathedral is one of the largest and most majestic of all Romanesque churches.
4. The.., detached in the typical Italian fashion, is Pisa’s famous leaning tower.

Answer 26

prosperity;

campanile;

Question 27

West facade of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France, begun 1067:
1. The Normans quickly developed a style that became the major source of …
2. Thus structure is a masterpiece of Norman Romanesque
architecture.
3. Rooted in the tradition of Ottonian westworks, it also
displays new design elements—Four large …
and progressive … of the walls upward.
4. Tripartite design is employed.

Answer 27

French gothic architecture;
buttresses;
lightening;

Question 28

Gothic Europe:
• The term “Gothic,” originally a disparaging name, was coined by the the Italian art historian Vasari in 1550.
• He was referring to the work of the Goths “who made monstrous and
barbarous art.
• It was a regional style with variations throughout Europe. To the east and south of Europe Byzantine and Islamic styles still flourished.
• During its time, the gothic style was admired throughout Europe,
• People recognized the towering cathedrals as images of the … on
earth.
• The gothic age was a time of profound change in European society.
• Intellectual and religious life shifted from the countryside to growing secular cities where… and … were being founded.

Answer 28

city of God;

universities; guilds;

Question 29

Gothic europe;
• Although the papacy had great power and knights waged war with Muslims in
the east, …were beginning to take shape. Gothic Style first
appeared in France around 1140.
• Under abbot Suger, art flourished, he regarded art as an investment for
…, not an undesirable distraction

Answer 29

independent nations;

spiritual aid

Question 30

Laon Cathedral, Laon, France, begun ca. 1190:
1. The huge …, the deep porches, and the open structure of the towers distinguish this façade
from Romanesque facades.
2. Insertion of the … broke up the nave wall and produced the characteristic four-story early Gothic
interior elevation.
3. Sheer mass is reduced to intricately framed …

Answer 30

rose window;
triforium;
voids;

Question 31

1. The three distinctly Gothic elements are the …, …, and …

Answer 31

pointed arches;
flying buttresses;
stain-glass

Question 32

2….were a brilliant innovation. (Looked taller, were lighter, sent load
downward, and allowed for more windows.)

Answer 32

Pointed Arch Rib Vaults

Question 33

Chartres Cathedral (looking north), Chartres, France, as rebuilt after 1194:
1. The rebuilt cathedral is
considered the first High Gothic building.
2. It was planned from the
beginning to entail flying
buttresses.
3. Along with the Pantheon,
Chartres Cathedral was one of
the most influential buildings in
the history of architecture.
4. The single square aisle flanking…became the norm for High Gothic architecture.

Answer 33

High Gothic;

rectangular four part nave vaults

Question 34

Chartres Cathedral (looking north), Chartres, France, as rebuilt after 1194: 
5. Although much taller than their predecessors, High Gothic
cathedrals had a ...
elevation.
6. The nave section entailed
soaring...windows
followed by ... windows
and then the ...
windows.
7. Due to the alignment of
identical units all of the same
height, the nave appears as a
vast ... hall.

Answer 34

three-story; 
stained glass; 
triforium; 
clerestory; 
continuous

Question 35

Virgin and Child and angels (Notre Dame de la Belle
Verrière), detail of a window in the choir of Chartres
Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1170, with 13th century
side panels. Stained glass:
1. Stained glass windows were not intended to light the interiors of churches, they were meant to fill the space with .. from God.
2. The central panel with the
“Throne of Wisdom” Madonna
is original to the first church
construction.
3. This stained glass light effect differs from Byzantine light.
4. All architectural structural
elements are reduced to the
… in Gothic
architecture, this allows as
much Stain glass light to
emanate in the structure as
possible.

Answer 35

.“New Light”;

bare minimum;

Question 36

ROBERT DE LUZARCHES, THOMAS DE CORMONT, AND RENAUD DE CORMONT,
Vaults, clerestory, and triforium of the choir of Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France, begun 1220:
1. Amiens Cathedral is one of the most influential
buildings in the history of architecture.
2. Sunlight entering the clerestory creates a buoyant
lightness not usually associated with…
architecture.
3. Amiens, with its soaring vaults and giant windows
admitting colored light, is the gothic counterpart
to ….
4. The vaults read as a….
5. The deep piercing walls and towers at Amiens left
few surfaces for decoration.
6. The remaining surface was covered with columns,
arches, pinnacles, rosettes, and sculpture (like a
frieze across the middle) that screened the
structure’s solidity as much as possible

Answer 36

stone;
Hagia Sophia;
canopy;

Question 37

Christ (Beau Dieu), trumeau statue of central doorway, west facade, Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France, ca. 1220–123:
1. This is the most prominent and fully modeled sculpture
independent of its architectural setting than any other
Gothic façade statue in existence.
2. This Christ is a handsome, kindly figure who … all
who enter the church as he tramples a dragon symbolizing
the … in the world.
3. The image gives humankind the hope in ….
4. Above Christ’s head is an architectural canopy mimicking a 13th century cathedral.
5. This type of depiction of Christ became the preferred
representation of the Savior in later European art.

Answer 37

blesses;
evil forces;
salvation;

Question 38

Interior of the upper chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France, 1243–1248.

1. The stained glass windows of the upper chapel exemplify the… High Gothic style.
2. More than ¾ of the structure is made up of stained glass.
3. The windows, 49 feet tall and 15 feet wide, were the tallest ever made at the time.

Answer 38

wall dissolving;

Question 39

Death of the Virgin, tympanum of left doorway, south transept, Strasbourg Cathedral, Strasbourg, France, ca. 1230:
1. Although stylistically akin to the Reims visitation group, these figures are even more
dramatic and gesticular in expressing their … and ….
2. At the center Christ receives Mary’s .. (the doll like figure).
3. The figures and flowing drapery beautifully echo the arch and move the viewer throughout
the tympanum.

Answer 39

grief;
sorrow;
soul;

Question 40

Italy around 1400:
1. …characterizes 13th century Italian art.
2. The classical revival that took place in Italy was much more pervasive and long lasting than that which took place in
northern Europe.
3. Italian admiration for classical art surfaced early on in Sicily and southern Italy due to Frederick ll and his nostalgia for the …

Answer 40

Diversity of style ;

grandeur of Rome.;

Question 41

Italy around 1400:
4. The Byzantine tradition contributed to the development of 14 century art as well.
5. After Constantinople fell, many Byzantine artists migrated to Italy.
6. The development of… (common spoken) literature increased people’s awareness of the past and also ushered in a new … period concerned with human values and interests as distinct from, but not opposed to, religions
otherworldly values.
7. … was developed during the 14th century.

Answer 41

vernacular;
humanist;
humanism;

Question 42

Italy around 1400:
8. Humanism was more of a code of …, a theory of …, and a scholarly discipline, than a philosophy. The sole reward for heroes of civic virtue was …, creativity was encouraged.

Answer 42

civil conduct;
education;
fame;

Question 43

CIMABUE, Madonna Enthroned with Angels
and Prophets, from Santa Trinità, Florence,
Italy, ca. 1280–1290.
Tempera and gold leaf on wood:
1. Cimabue was one of the first Italian artists to
break away from the Italo-Byzantine style.
2. Figures are starting to inhabit …
from within a perspectival environment

Answer 43

deeper space;

Question 44

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Madonna Enthroned, from the Church of Ognissanti,
Florence, Italy, ca. 1310. Tempera and gold
leaf on wood:
1. Giotto displaced the byzantine style of
Italian art and revived … derived
from observation.
2. In many ways, he contributed to the
foundation of …

Answer 44

naturalism;

empirical science;

Question 45

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Madonna Enthroned, from the Church of Ognissanti,
Florence, Italy, ca. 1310. Tempera and gold
leaf on wood:
3. He was a pupil of Cimabue, a major influence on his work, but his true teacher was nature, the world of visible things.
4. Giotto is widely regarded as the first….
5. In this painting, the Madonna sits with
…, even her breasts press
through the fabric of her undergarment.

Answer 45

renaissance painter;

unshakable stability;

Question 46

Giotto di Bondone, Arena Chapel (Cappella Scrovegni; interior looking west),
Padua, Italy, 1305–1306. :
1. Giotto painted 38 framed pictures arranged on three levels.
2. Faux marble veneer, reminiscent of the early Romans, makes a neutral
background for the paintings.
3. Blue on the ceiling and in the
paintings both unifies the
composition and becomes a three dimensional… environment.
4. Through the use of compositional
complexity and emotional resonance, Giotto constructed a stage that served as a model for artists who
wished to depict …

Answer 46

illusionistic;

human drama;

Question 47

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Lamentation, Arena Chapel, (Cappella Scrovegni), Padua, Italy, ca. 1305. Fresco:

1. Fresco’s were painted in sections caed Giornate.
2. Giotto’s figures show an early indication of … and … and … (Chiaroscuro).

Answer 47

foreshortening;

light; shade

Question 48

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Lamentation, Arena Chapel, (Cappella Scrovegni), Padua, Italy, ca. 1305. Fresco:
3. Giotto masterfully synthesized dramatic narrative, holy lessons, and truth to human experience in
a visual language of his own—yet accessible to all.
4. The.. construct the
composition.
5. We are there—right behind the person in green.

Answer 48

groupings;

Question 49

LORENZO MAITANI, west facade of Orvieto Cathedral, Orvieto, Italy, begun 1310
92
1. Pointed … over the doorways, the … and the large
… are French in origin.
2. The façade, however, is simply a Gothic overlay of a timber roofed … building

Answer 49

gables;
rose window;
pinnacles;
basilica;

Question 50

ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO and others, Florence Cathedral (aerial view looking northeast),
Florence, Italy, begun 1296:
1. Fourteenth century Italian architecture underscores the… character of late medieval art.
2. The marble encased basilica-like cathedral carries on the Tuscan Romanesque tradition.
3. It clings to the ground and uses logical … relationships that appeal more to the … than the emotions.
4. Designed to hold 30,000 worshippers, the cathedral has a wider and deeper nave and aisle bays than northern Gothic cathedrals.
5. The result is a very spacious interior.

Answer 50

regional;
geometric;
intellect;

Question 51

Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy, begun ca. 1340-1345; expanded and remodeled, 1424-1438:
1. 1. … was one of the wealthiest cities in Europe.
2. This is the most ornate public building in Medieval Italy.
3. The delicate patterning in cream and rose colored marble, the pointed ogee arches, and the
quatrefoil medallions are a Venetian variation of northern Gothic architecture.

Answer 51

Venice;