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Art History I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

(Etruscan) they gave the italic peoples the urge to … and … the …

A

conquer; dominate; sea

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2
Q

(Etruscan) admired … art but did not exclusively copy their works like the Romans would

A

Greek;

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3
Q

(Etruscan) temples were made of … and … and had columns and stairs on the … only

A

wood; brick; front

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4
Q

(Etruscan) most etruscan work comes from … that emulated the …

A

underground tombs; homes of the living

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5
Q

(Etruscan) luxurious … were frequently held after funerary services. tombs were covered with … depicting these events

A

banquets; frescoes

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6
Q

(Etruscan) impacted … and provided models for ….

A

Italian Greek Colonies; Roman art and architecture

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7
Q

(Etruscan) wealth generated by the trading of …. and other … is reflected in the fact that many … have been unearthed in Etruscan cities

A

metals;
raw materials;
Greek vases

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8
Q

(etruscan temples)
roman architect … wrote an account of Etruscan Temple construction
temple columns resembled the Greek … style but had … ;

A

Vitruvius;
Doric;
bases

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9
Q

(etruscan temples) temples typically had … to house the primary deities.

A

three cells

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10
Q

(etruscan temples) three deities:
… (…)
… (…)
… (…)

A

Tinia; (zeus);
Uni (Hera)
Menrva (athena)

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11
Q

(etruscan temples) proportions were typically … ratio. almost half the space was the …

A

6:5; porch

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12
Q

(etruscan temples) … was less important to the etruscans

A

pediment statuary

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13
Q

(etruscan temples) temples had brightly painted… that were spaced far apart and …

A

wooden columns;

terracotta tiled roofs

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14
Q

(etruscan temples) temples were an ornate home for the … to the …
temple had one narrow staircase. roofs had a wide overhang with … flanking the perimeter.

A

statues; gods;

terracotta sculptures

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15
Q

(etruscan temples) terracotta warrior cerveteri, Italy, ca 600 BCE:

  1. staring resolutely, with hand on sword, this terracotta warrior would have looked out over the … of a temple
  2. an entire battle scene of soldiers in single combat set in the pediment would have greeted the pilgrims on their approach to the temple
A

pediment

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16
Q

(etruscan temples) Tombs of the Leopards: Revelers, Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 479 BCE and Tomb of the Triclinium, Male and female dancers and pipe player: Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 470 BCE

  1. … and … are typical in Etruscan painting
  2. … fresco on tufa walls, charcoal or chalk, dyes or paint
  3. most tombs are painted in …, a style unknown to 500 BCE Greeks
A

exaggerated gesture; large hands;
plaster;
true fresco

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17
Q

(etruscan temples) capitoline wolf, from Rome, Italy, ca. 500-480

  1. one of the most memorable portrayals of an … in history
  2. the wolf posesses unforgettable … as she nurses. Romulus and Remus were added much later.
  3. the defiant image remains the emblem of … to this day
A

animal;
psychic intensity;
Rome

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18
Q

(etruscan temples) Chimera of Arezzo, from Arezzo, Italy, first half of fourth century BCE.

  1. chimera was a … slain by the Greek hero Bellerophon.
  2. the wounded beast is … as it growls ferociously.
A

composite monster;

poised for attack

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19
Q

(etruscan temples) chimera of arezzo, from arezzo, italy, first half of fourth century BCE:

  1. a great example of Etruscan …. and …
  2. like the Capitoline wolf, the animal is … and …
A

gesture; movement;

taught; alert

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20
Q

(Roman empire 753 BCE - 337 CE) Roman Gov:
monarchy 753-509: …
Republic 509-27 BCE: ….
Empire 27 BCE - 476 CE: …

A

king;
democracy;
emperor

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21
Q

(Roman empire 753 BCE - 337 CE)
no single government has ever used art as a … to the extent that the Romans did

for the first time in history a single government ruled a vast majority of …, differing …, …, and …

A 
political tool; 
land; 
religious groups; 
cultures; 
races
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22
Q

(Roman empire 753 BCE - 337 CE) many roman structures now survive as … within their original footprint
sporting events and concerts are staged in Roman …. Ships dock in ancient Roman ports, and much of Europe still uses Roman roads.

A

places of worship;

amphitheaters;

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23
Q

(Roman empire 753 BCE - 337 CE) Rome gave the western world its concepts of …, …, …., and the …

A

law; government; languages; calendar

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24
Q

(Roman empire 753 BCE - 337 CE) Roman … began an architectural revolution still felt today

A

concrete construction

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25
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) Roman Republic (…. government) established in 509 BCE. It first conquered …, and then moved to …

A

constitutional;

Italy; Greece

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26
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) power was vested to … (council of elders) and two …

A

senate; consuls

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27
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) Republican temples employed … plans and … orders

A

Etruscan; Greek

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28
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) the romans pioneered the use of … as a building material

A

concerete

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29
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) … painting evolved from the Greek style but eventually became distinctly Roman in its use of …

A

mural; illusionistic space

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30
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) Republican portraits were … of elderly rulers and celebrated Roman values

A

super-realistic likenesses

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31
Q 
(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) Roman values: 
... 
... 
... 
,.
A

seriousness;
experience;
determination;
loyalty

32
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) 211 BCE was a turning point for Roman art. after the conquest of Greco-Sicilian Syracuse, a craze for … ensued

A

Greek art

33
Q

(Roman Republic 509- 27 BCE) In 133 BCE, king … willed his kingdom to Rome
…, both consul and dictator, lived during this time (100-44 BCE)

A

Pergamon;

Julius Caesar

34
Q 
Roman concrete construction: 
... vault  
... vault 
... sequence of groin vaults 
hemispherical dome with ...
A

barrel;
groin;
fenestrated;
oculus

35
Q

because of the Roman invention of concrete in history, architects thought of walls not as limiting space or as structural elements, but as a means of … to meet their … and …

A

shaping space; demands; desires

36
Q

Vault of Tholos Tomb ca. 1250 BC, Mycenae, Greece.

The tholos is … feet in diameter

A

45

37
Q

Head of an old man, from osimo, mid-first century BCE.
… portraits:
in the tradition of household …, the artist depicted every wrinkle and facial nuance of the subject
this type of sculpture was the norm in Republican Roman art
… was a means to celebrate an elevated position in society
subjects were typically … who wanted honest and accurate renditions of themselves made

A

veristic;
imagines;
portraiture; ‘
older men

38
Q

Maison Carre, Nimes, France, ca. 1-10 CE

  1. around 50 BCE, …; was found in the mountains of Carrara Italy, allowing more extensive use of the material. Augustus boasted ‘“I found Rome a city of brick and mortar and transformed it into a city of …”
  2. He was obsessed to make it a city equal to …
  3. this temple is the best preserved example of … architecture
A

marble;
marble;
Periclean Athens;
Neo-classical Augustan

39
Q

Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE

  1. amphitheaters were used to show … or …
  2. some events were a form of … coupled with entertainment
A

gladiatorial combat; animal hunts;

capital punishment

40
Q

Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE
3.the colosseum was the … and most … amphitheater in the world. a complex system of …; supports the structure that once seated 50,000 spectators

A

largest; important;

barrel vaults

41
Q

Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE
4. it stood … stories tall. three tiers of columns spanned the facade (…, …, …)

A

16;
etruscan;
ionic;
corinthian

42
Q

Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE
5. waiting rooms inside housed … and machines for raising and lowering …, ..,. etc

A

gladiators; ‘
stages;
animals

43
Q

Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE

  1. temple of trajan
  2. column of trajan
  3. …
  4. basilica ulpia
  5. …
  6. … statue of trajan
A

libraries;

forum

44
Q

Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE

  1. trajan’s temple was paid for with … (…) …
  2. a huge basilica (with apses), not a …, dominated the square
A

Dacian; Romanian;

temple

45
Q

Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE

  1. a continuous … was invented for use on this monument. this design was copied many times afterward into the 19th century
  2. the column is 128 feet tall and stands atop what was once …
  3. the 625 foot long frieze resembles the … found in the libraries flanking the basilica
A

spiral frieze;
Trajan’s tomb;
illustrated scrolsl

46
Q

Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE

  1. the band increases in width as it rises to allow for … of the 150 episodes it illustrates
  2. emphasis is mostly on the … and his … in battle
  3. like the Greeks, the enemy is portrayed …
A

better reading;
Emperor;
leadership;
nobly

47
Q

Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE

  1. one of the best preserved and influential buildings in architectural history
  2. interior represented both the … and the …
  3. the dome measures 142’ high and 142’ wide. the occulus is 30’ in diameter. the dome decreases in … as it cullminates and is … on the inside to lessen its weight
A

orb of earth;
vault of heavens;
thickness;
coffered

48
Q

Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE

  1. different mixtures of concrete were used to pour the dome
  2. the building is illuminated by a … that makes it sway around the temple throughout the course of the day
A

circular beam of light

49
Q

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, ca. 175 CE.

  1. equestrian portraits powerfully portrayed the … and … of emperors
  2. the emperor Marcus Aurelius is rendered as superhuman in stature, yet, we see his … and …emanating from the piece for the first time in Roman Art
A

majesty; authority;

character; feelings

50
Q

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, ca. 175 CE.

this was a turning point for Roman art, and ancient art in general – … had diminished in importance

A

classical greek art

51
Q

arch of constantine (south side), Rome, Italy, 312-315 CE

  1. many elements of … and … were incorporated and altered when building of the Arch of Constantine
  2. he wanted to associate himself with the …. of the empire
A

older arches; statues;

good rulers

52
Q

Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from House VII, Pompeii, Italy

  1. … are also abundant in Pompeian homes
  2. this husband and wife are depicted with a scroll and writing stylus
  3. this suggests … (regardless of whether it was true or not)
A

painted portraits;

fine education

53
Q

Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from House VII, Pompeii, Italy

  1. function like modern …
  2. this is another example of Roman interest in specific portraits placed on …
A

wedding portraits;

conventional figures

54
Q

Sarcophagus of a philosopher, ca. 270-280 CE

1. this wise man flanked by adoring individuals became a model for ensuing …

A

Christian sarcophagi

55
Q

Pre-Constantine Art 192-306:

1. diocletian began the custom of splitting the empire into … and … ruled by multiple emperors

A

Eastern and Western halves

56
Q

Constantine Era Art 306-337:

  1. constantine made… legal in the empire
  2. a new capital was founded at …
A

christianity; ‘

constantinople

57
Q

constantine to justinian era art 337-526:

  1. germanic tribe migration disrupted roman rule from the late 4th century onwards, forcing the eventual collapse of the western empire in 476.
  2. the cultural fusion of …, …, and … traditions formed the foundations of the subsequent European culture;
A

Greco-Roman; Germanic; Christian

58
Q

(Europe and the Near East in Late Antiquity) 1. ROman art of this period formed the foundation of art in the …
2. little is known about early Christian art. most examples are in the form of … and … Earliest images come from 3rd to 4th centuries. initial catacombs were a room or cubical dug sufficiently beneath the ground

A

Middle Ages;
sarcophagi;
catacomb murals

59
Q

(Europe and the Near East in Late Antiquity)

  1. churches were eventually built on this private property so Christians could honor the dead as well as worship in community
  2. around 300 CE … became the favored medium of art in Christian churches
  3. … were popular in the ancient world. they came into use in the early 6th century
A

mosaics;

illustrated books

60
Q

(Europe and the Near East in Late Antiquity)

  1. the spread of the … is often associated with the rise of Christianity which adopted the format for the Bible early on
  2. Roman Empire continued to be an incredibly diverse society during the 3rd and 4th centuries
  3. during this time many people rejected … and embraced …
A

codex;
polytheism;
monotheism

61
Q

Christ the Teacher and Shepherd of a Flock, fresco, mid-third century
1. the … represents Jesus who will search lovingly for even one wandering Child of God and rejoice when it is found

A

shepherd

62
Q

Cutaway view of Old Saint Peter’s, Italy, begun ca. 319:

  1. the …, which architecturally formed the cross, eventually became a standard in Christian architecture
  2. Like roman private homes, the church also had an … in the front
  3. the exterior was not overly adorned. the interior was filled with … and … taken from other buildings. a huge canopy over the altar marked the spot of Peter’s tomb
A

transept;
atrium;
murals; marble columns

63
Q

Interior of Santa Sabina, Rome, Italy, 422-432

  1. roofs on basilicas were made of … with coffered ceilings attached to the rafters
  2. … separate the nave from the aisle
  3. … above the colonnade illuminate the interior
  4. attention is focused toward the central arch and the apse where the .. was situated
A

timber;
columsn; ‘
clerestory windows;
altar

64
Q

Santa Costanza, Rome, Italy, ca. 337-351:

  1. like all Christian churches, there was an … or aisle separated from the nave by columns
  2. the exterior was unadorned brick
  3. the central plan building was also adopted by early Christian architects
  4. This structure calls to mind the .. and … in Mycenae
A

ambulatory; ‘
Pantheon;
Tholos Tomb

65
Q

Santa Costanza, Rome, Italy, ca. 337-351:

  1. this domed interior would later become the form employed in … churches
  2. The interior was adorned with Old and New Testament … like the catacombs
A

Byzantine;

murals

66
Q

Christ as the Good Shepherd, mosaic from the entrance wall of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425:

  1. every square inch of interior space is covered with … and …
  2. snowflake like designs and garland adorn the barrel vaults of the nave and cross arms
A

mosaic design and narrative

67
Q

Christ as the Good Shepherd, mosaic from the entrance wall of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425:

  1. The tower has a large cross and the front lunette depicts Christ as a regal Good Shepherd haloed and robed in … and … Rather than carrying the sheep, He is depicted as their …
  2. no earlier version of Christ is as regal as this one
A

gold; purple; ‘

king

68
Q

Miracle of the loaves and fishes, mosaic from the top register of the nave wall:

  1. Christ is now a … figure, a halo covers his head and he wears royal … as he stands before his worshipers
  2. the background of … denotes the heavenly realm, not an earthly sky depiction like previous murals
A

dignified;
purple;
gold

69
Q

Miracle of the loaves and fishes, mosaic from the top register of the nave wall:
3. The extensive and intricate wall mosaics of Early Christian art are essentially without precedent. The same is true of their material: cubes,
or tesserae, made of colored glass offered colors, including gold, of far greater range and intensity than….
4. The shiny (and slightly irregular) faces of glass tesserae also acted as tiny… so that a glittering, immaterial screen was created.
5. The image is removed from our world of….

A

marble;
reflectors;
time

70
Q

Europe and the Byzantine Empire ca. 1000:
1. Byzantine artists, even if influenced by Classical art, were not interested in … and … representation
of form.
2. They drew their images from a persistent and stylized vision of a spiritual world unsusceptible to change.
3. After a millennium of existence, the Byzantine Empire fell to the European West and then to the Ottoman Turks in
1453.
4. The eastern shores of the ,,,, birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, were the focal point of the Byzantine
Empire.
5. It expanded further west under Justinian, and by 1025 it had contracted again to the east.

A

observation;
naturalistic;
Mediterranean;

71
Q

…are triangular parts of the
sphere which taper down to rest on piers
(supports) that spread the load of the
dome to the four corners of the square.

A

Pendentives

72
Q

A … is a piece of construction used for
filling in the upper angles of a square room so as
to form a proper base to receive an octagonal or
Spherical dome.

A

squinch

73
Q

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorius of Miletus, aerial view of Hagia Sophia, Constantiople Turkey, 532-537:
1. Was a brilliant fusion of … and ..
architectural plans.
2. Architecturally, it reconciles the traditions of
longitudinal .. and central …

A

longitudinal; central

basilicas; vaulted churches

74
Q

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorius of Miletus, aerial view of Hagia Sophia, Constantiople Turkey, 532-537:
3. The main dome which had a diameter of over 100 feet,
was the biggest dome until the 15 century.
4. The great dome dominates the structure.
5. It is in essence, a …
6. The characteristic simple exterior are the antithesis of
its interior.
7. Rather than using concrete, … was used.
8. The dome seems to rest on the… that pours through
the windows.

A

domed basilica.;
brick;
light;

75
Q

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorius of Miletus, aerial view of Hagia Sophia, Constantiople Turkey, 532-537:
9. It seemed to be suspended by a “… from
Heaven.”
10. … is the mystical element of the building.
took the … and Constantine’s … as influences

A

golden chain;
light;
Pantheon;
Basilica of St. Peter

Art History I (7 decks)

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