EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 9 Flashcards
skeletal muscles, striated, voluntary
skeletal
contraction of skeletal muscles working against skeleton
movement
functions of muscle tissues
movement
maintain posture
stabilize joints
generate heat
ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
excitability/responsiveness
able to shorten when stimulated
contractibility
ability to be stretched, even beyond resting length
extensibility
resume resting length after stretch
elasticity
dense fibrous connective, close, outer layer surrounds entire whole muscle
fascia/epimysium
collagen, separates muscle fibers into fascicle
perimysium
bundle of muscle fibers, covered by perimysium
fascicle
endomysium
areolar connective, surrounds individual fibers
muscle cell membrane
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm
multiple __ and __ are found in muscle cells
nuclei and mitochondria
threadlike parallel, fundamental in muscle contraction
myofibrils
what are myofibrils composed of
sarcomeres
what do sarcomeres contain
myofilaments actin and myosin
what is the end boundary of a sarcomere
z-disc
attached at z-disc, light thin bands
actin
thick center bands that are dark
myosin
inhibitory polypeptides that surround actin
tropanin and topomyosin
specialized smooth ER, network of channels running parallel to myofibrils, store calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
rabbit hole that electric impulses travel through in the sarcolemma
transverse t tubules
what activates muscle contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse t tubules
muscle cell version of hemoglobin, stores O2 high affinity
myoglobin
nerve cell meets muscle fiber, contraction occurs only when muscle fiber is stimulated by this
motor neuron
connection between two synapse
neuromusclar junction
space in between synapse
synaptic cleft
specialized region of sarcolemma that is folded and contains many mitochondria
motor end plate
synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are exocytized, release NT from end of motor neuron onto muscle fiver
synaptic transmission
action potential
electrochemcial signal
calcium enters, stimulate __ release
NT
inhibits release of acetylcholine and no muscle contraction
botulinous toxin
opens Na and K channels which allows action potentials to propogate over entire muscle fiber
two ach receptors per channel
ach receptors attacked by immune system generates muscle weakness
myasthenia gravis
where is muscle impulse generated
over sarcolemma and through t tubules into fiber
____ diffuses from sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to activated t tubules, into ___
calcium, carcoplasm
diffusion of calcium allows actin and myosin to ___
contract
enzyme that causes Ach breakdown at NMJ
acetylcholinesterase
ACh-ase causes muscle fiber to ___
turn back to resting state
how is calcium removed from sarcoplasm
active transport
when calcium leaves, actin and myosin bonds__
are broken
in presence of ___ troponin moves tromyosin to allow actin to bind to the __ of myosin, what is this called
calcium
ratchet
crossbridge formation
when the actin bind to the ratchet it pulls ___ close together and shortens the ___
z-lines , sarcomere
What energy is necessary from release and reset
ATP
ATP-ase binding site is found on
head of myosin
why does rigor mortis occur
inzrease in calcium permeability and ATP depletion so filaments cannot release
need given stimulus strength to cause contraction
threshold stimulus
once over threshold stimulus, contraction is complete for 1 muscle fiber
all or none response
can vary strength of contraction by changing # or type of fibers stimulated
recruitment
twitch contraction has -
lag period
contraction period - fast
relaxation period - putting calcium back into SR or breakdown of ACH- esterase
skeletal fibers at __ resting length where actin and myosin can form most crossbridges
optimum
length tension relationship
high myoglobin
many capallaries
many mitochondria
slow acting myosin atpases
fatigue slowly, high endurance, low power
slow oxidative fibers
slow twitch red fibers
high myoglobin
more capallaries
many mitochondria
fast acting myosin ATPases
fatigue slowly intermediate endurance and power
fast oxidative fibers
fast twitch A red fibers
low myoglobin few capallaries few mitochondria
contain large amounts of glycogen
generate ATP anaerobic
fatigue quickly, low endurance, high power
fast glycolitic fibers
fast twitch b fatigable white fibers
degeneration of muscle fibers,
muscular dystrophy
duchenne
sex linked, affects mostly boys
what causes muscular dystophy
bad dystrophin gene causes sarcolemma to tear and the release of calcium kills the cells
there has been low success in treating MD with __ __ and __
myoblast, microdystrophin, and utrophin therapies
weakness of skeletal muscles due to autoimmune disorder which attacks ach receptors
myasthenia gravis
how is MG treated
anti ACH esterase drugs keeping ach in NMJ longer