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A&P 1 > EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscles, striated, voluntary

A

skeletal

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2
Q

contraction of skeletal muscles working against skeleton

A

movement

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

functions of muscle tissues

A

movement
maintain posture
stabilize joints
generate heat

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5
Q

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

excitability/responsiveness

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6
Q

able to shorten when stimulated

A

contractibility

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7
Q

ability to be stretched, even beyond resting length

A

extensibility

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8
Q

resume resting length after stretch

A

elasticity

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9
Q

dense fibrous connective, close, outer layer surrounds entire whole muscle

A

fascia/epimysium

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10
Q

collagen, separates muscle fibers into fascicle

A

perimysium

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11
Q

bundle of muscle fibers, covered by perimysium

A

fascicle

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12
Q

endomysium

A

areolar connective, surrounds individual fibers

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13
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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14
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

multiple __ and __ are found in muscle cells

A

nuclei and mitochondria

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16
Q

threadlike parallel, fundamental in muscle contraction

A

myofibrils

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17
Q

what are myofibrils composed of

A

sarcomeres

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18
Q

what do sarcomeres contain

A

myofilaments actin and myosin

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19
Q

what is the end boundary of a sarcomere

A

z-disc

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20
Q

attached at z-disc, light thin bands

A

actin

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21
Q

thick center bands that are dark

A

myosin

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22
Q

inhibitory polypeptides that surround actin

A

tropanin and topomyosin

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23
Q

specialized smooth ER, network of channels running parallel to myofibrils, store calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

rabbit hole that electric impulses travel through in the sarcolemma

A

transverse t tubules

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25
Q

what activates muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse t tubules

26
Q

muscle cell version of hemoglobin, stores O2 high affinity

A

myoglobin

27
Q

nerve cell meets muscle fiber, contraction occurs only when muscle fiber is stimulated by this

A

motor neuron

28
Q

connection between two synapse

A

neuromusclar junction

29
Q

space in between synapse

A

synaptic cleft

30
Q

specialized region of sarcolemma that is folded and contains many mitochondria

A

motor end plate

31
Q

synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are exocytized, release NT from end of motor neuron onto muscle fiver

A

synaptic transmission

32
Q

action potential

A

electrochemcial signal

33
Q

calcium enters, stimulate __ release

A

NT

34
Q

inhibits release of acetylcholine and no muscle contraction

A

botulinous toxin

35
Q

opens Na and K channels which allows action potentials to propogate over entire muscle fiber

A

two ach receptors per channel

36
Q

ach receptors attacked by immune system generates muscle weakness

A

myasthenia gravis

37
Q

where is muscle impulse generated

A

over sarcolemma and through t tubules into fiber

38
Q

____ diffuses from sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to activated t tubules, into ___

A

calcium, carcoplasm

39
Q

diffusion of calcium allows actin and myosin to ___

A

contract

40
Q

enzyme that causes Ach breakdown at NMJ

A

acetylcholinesterase

41
Q

ACh-ase causes muscle fiber to ___

A

turn back to resting state

42
Q

how is calcium removed from sarcoplasm

A

active transport

43
Q

when calcium leaves, actin and myosin bonds__

A

are broken

44
Q

in presence of ___ troponin moves tromyosin to allow actin to bind to the __ of myosin, what is this called

A

calcium
ratchet
crossbridge formation

45
Q

when the actin bind to the ratchet it pulls ___ close together and shortens the ___

A

z-lines , sarcomere

46
Q

What energy is necessary from release and reset

A

ATP

47
Q

ATP-ase binding site is found on

A

head of myosin

48
Q

why does rigor mortis occur

A

inzrease in calcium permeability and ATP depletion so filaments cannot release

49
Q

need given stimulus strength to cause contraction

A

threshold stimulus

50
Q

once over threshold stimulus, contraction is complete for 1 muscle fiber

A

all or none response

51
Q

can vary strength of contraction by changing # or type of fibers stimulated

A

recruitment

52
Q

twitch contraction has -

A

lag period
contraction period - fast
relaxation period - putting calcium back into SR or breakdown of ACH- esterase

53
Q

skeletal fibers at __ resting length where actin and myosin can form most crossbridges

A

optimum
length tension relationship

54
Q

high myoglobin
many capallaries
many mitochondria
slow acting myosin atpases
fatigue slowly, high endurance, low power

A

slow oxidative fibers
slow twitch red fibers

55
Q

high myoglobin
more capallaries
many mitochondria
fast acting myosin ATPases
fatigue slowly intermediate endurance and power

A

fast oxidative fibers
fast twitch A red fibers

56
Q

low myoglobin few capallaries few mitochondria
contain large amounts of glycogen
generate ATP anaerobic
fatigue quickly, low endurance, high power

A

fast glycolitic fibers
fast twitch b fatigable white fibers

57
Q

degeneration of muscle fibers,

A

muscular dystrophy

58
Q

duchenne

A

sex linked, affects mostly boys

59
Q

what causes muscular dystophy

A

bad dystrophin gene causes sarcolemma to tear and the release of calcium kills the cells

60
Q

there has been low success in treating MD with __ __ and __

A

myoblast, microdystrophin, and utrophin therapies

61
Q

weakness of skeletal muscles due to autoimmune disorder which attacks ach receptors

A

myasthenia gravis

62
Q

how is MG treated

A

anti ACH esterase drugs keeping ach in NMJ longer

A&P 1 (7 decks)

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