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A&P 1 > EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

1
Q

compact, shaft, long part of bone

A

diaphysis

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2
Q

spongy end of bone

A

epiphysis

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2
Q

where diphysis joins epiphysis or the growth plate

A

metaphysis

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3
Q

space inside diaphysis which contains marrow

A

medullary cavity

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4
Q

inner lining of medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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5
Q

connective tissue covering bone

A

periosteum

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6
Q

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers epiphyses

A

articular cartilage

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7
Q

haversian system found in compact bone

A

osteon

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8
Q

examples of compact bone

A

humerusm radius, tibia fibula

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9
Q

rings of hard calcified matrix

A

lamella

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10
Q

carries lymphatics blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

central canal

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11
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

branch from central

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12
Q

the osteocytes have ____ which are in ____

A

canaliculi cell extensions
lacunae (keeps cells from falling in )

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13
Q

the cell extensions in osteocytes do what?

A

connect cells and allow them to communicate

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14
Q

spongy bone is made up of __

A

trabeculae

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15
Q

irregular lattice work of thin bone plates, spaces filled with marrow

A

trabeculae

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16
Q

trabeculae allow spongy bone to be ___ and good for ___

A

lighter
compression

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17
Q

examples of spongy bone

A

hips ribs vertebrae epiphysis

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18
Q

bones have abundant __ and _

A

blood and nerve supply

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19
Q

generate osteoblasts/cytes

A

osteogenic progenitor cells

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20
Q

produce matrix and cant divide

A

osteblasts

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21
Q

in lacunae and come from osteoblasts, just for maintenance

A

osteocytes

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22
Q

bone breakers, have sysosomes, resportion “repair and remodeling”

A

osteoclasts

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23
Q

organic part of matrix, includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

A

osteoid

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24
Q

in bones, the o’s are __

A

organic components

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25
Q

mineral salts harden/calcify matrix

A

hydroxyapatites

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26
Q

limb support trunk shows that bones __

A

support

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27
Q

skull surrounds brain shows that bones __

A

protect

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28
Q

skeletal muscles shows that bones have ___

A

movement

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29
Q

calcium and phosphate being able to move in and out of bone show that bones have __

A

mineral storage

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30
Q

hematopoiesis shows that bones have __

A

blood cell formation and red marrow

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31
Q

fat in adults shows that bones have the function of ___

A

energy storage and yellow marrow

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32
Q

osteogensis imperfecta

A

lack of protein that covers easy break

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33
Q

where and when does intramembranous ossification occur

A

the flat bones, 5th week

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34
Q

development from fibrous embryonic membranes, directly from mesenchyme no cartilage

A

intramembranous ossification

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35
Q

step by step of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. osteogenic cell scluster along embryonic membranes, differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. osteoblsts secrete matrix (protein synthesis for export)
  3. osteoblasts turn to mature osteocytes in lacunae
  4. outer spongy is remodelled into hard compact bone, inner remains spongy
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36
Q

most bones of skeleton use hyaline cartilage for patterns

A

endochondral ossification

37
Q

when does chondroblast formation occur

38
Q

what happens in chondroblast formation

A
  1. stem cells differentiate into chondroblast, then chondrocuyes
  2. becomes hyaline cartilage (template for bone)
  3. perichondrium develops around cartilage
39
Q

where does 1st ossification occur

A

in diaphysis (shaft of long bone)

40
Q

how is peristene bud made

A

blood vessels penetrate near middle

41
Q

in 1st ossification osteogenic cells turn into __

A

osteoblast

42
Q

what do the osteoblasts secrete and then what happens

A

secrete matrix and turn to osteocytes

43
Q

___ of cartilage causes__ and makes room for ___

A

calcification, death, more blood vessels and bone cells

44
Q

what direction does 1st ossification occur

A

inward from bone surface

45
Q

removal of spongy bone by osteoclasts

A

medularry cavity remodelling

46
Q

when does 2nd ossification occur

A

around birth

47
Q

osteoblast migration from diaphysis toward epiphysis

A

2nd ossification

48
Q

what is formed in 2nd ossification

A

calcification, osteoid, and osteocytes

49
Q

in 2nd ossification epiphyses are ___ and hyaline cartialge remains ___

A

spongy
cartilage

50
Q

bone growth is __ growth, the bone replacing __

51
Q

longitudal growth

A

interstitial growth

52
Q

in interstitial growth, chondrocytes at top of epiphsyeal plate, ___ ___, and the old cartilage below ___, becomes invaded by ___ and becomes bone

A

divide quickly
calcifies
osteoblasts

53
Q

widening of bones

A

appositional growth

54
Q

in appositional growth, osteoblast beneath ___ create new ___ formed along outer surface of diaphysis

A

peritoneum
osteons

55
Q

in appositional growth, there is more ____activity than ___ so the bone is thicker and stronger

A

osteoblast
osteoclast

56
Q

pre-puberty

A

human growth (hGH) from anterior pituitary

57
Q

ovaries secrete estrogen, testes secrete testosterone

57
Q

what dictates bone remodeling

A

osteoblast and osteoclast activity

58
Q

the distal part of femur is replaced every ____ months

59
Q

hormonal control is important in synaptic transmission, ___ , ____ ,and cell division

A

muscle contraction
blood clotting

60
Q

blood calcium concentration is maintained at ___-

61
Q

where is the parathyroid hormone located

A

parathyroid gland

62
Q

what is the stimulus of the parathyroid hormone

A

stimulated by low blood calcium

63
Q

what is the effect of the PTH

A

causes osteoblasts to resorb bone which moves calcium into blood
increase in kidney function to save calcium and make calcitrol

65
Q

where is calcitonin located

A

secreted by the parafollicular cells of thyroid

66
Q

what is the stimulus of calcitonin release

A

high blood calcium

67
Q

what is the effect of calcitonin release

A

theres a decrease of bone resorption and a increase in calcium deposit in bone matrix which decreases blood calcium

68
Q

clean break

A

simple (closed)

69
Q

break portrudes through skin

A

compound (open)

70
Q

bone fragments into many pieces

A

comminuted

71
Q

crushed

A

compression

72
Q

bone is twisted apart

73
Q

growth plate separation

A

epiphyseal

74
Q

pressed inward

75
Q

incomplete break (like a live branch)

A

greenstick

76
Q

bone blood vessels hemorrhage then clot

77
Q

what are some symptoms of hematoma

A

swelling inflammation and pain

78
Q

capillaries grow, WBCs and osteoclasts clean up and soften clot

A

procallus formatoin

79
Q

after clot is softened, fibroblasts tie broken ends with ____ fibers

80
Q

the collagen fibers help to form ___

A

fibrocartilage

81
Q

osteoblasts and osteoclasts convert area to spongy bone

A

osseous (hard) callus formation

82
Q

thickening at the fracture site

A

remodeling

83
Q

say repair process

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. procallus formation
  3. osseous (hard) callus formation
  4. remodeling
84
Q

bones become porous and lighter (spine, neck of femur and broken hip vulnerable )

A

osteoporosis

85
Q

what are some things that make you predisposed to osteoporosis

A

aged postmenopausal women
insufficient exercise
low calcium and protein intake
smoking and reducing estrogen levels
carbonated drinks/alcohol leaches minerals out

86
Q

what are some ways to treat osteoporosis

A

supplement calcium and vitamin D
increase weight baring exercise
medication to suppress osteoclasts
raloxifene

87
Q

what disease bones inadequately mineralized in adults or children so soft

A

osteomalacia and rickets

88
Q

what happens with osteomalacia and rickets

A

weight baring bones deformed without calcium to harden matrix

89
Q

what causes rickets and osteomalacia

A

lack of vitamin D which normally increases calcium absorption from gut

90
Q

how to treat osteomalacia and rickets

A

drink vitamin D fortified milk

A&P 1 (7 decks)

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