EXAM 2- CHAPTER 5 Flashcards
top layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium and 4 others
epidermis
synthesize waterproofing keratin protein
keratinocytes
make melanin pigment protein
melanocytes
migrate from bone marrow, immune activator, also known as dendritic cells
Langerhans cells
deep epidermis , light touch pressure receptors
merkel cells
merkel cells are also known as cutaneous or ___ receptors
mechanical
stratum corneum
20-20 layers of flat dead keratinized cells slough off replaced from below
3-5 layers, clear extra protection in palms/soles
stratum lucidum
3-5 layers, state of degeneration
stratum granulosum
8-10 layers, most keratinocytes connected by desmosomes (protein that holds cells together)
stratum spinosum
(germination) single layer of stem cells in active mitosis, helps heal injuries
stratum basale
forms keratinocytes and melanocytes
the proteins woven in
between is how it differentiates from the other layers
also has BLOOD VESSELS
dermis
what cells make up the epidermis
fibroblasts (make protein fibers), macrophages(immune), and adipocytes(fat cells)
what type of connective tissue is found in the papillary region
areolar connective (loose)
bumpy velcro
ridges create fingerprints
dermal papillae
tactile, sensory receptors for touch/ pressure
meissner’s corpuscles
what two things are found in the papillary region
meisner’s corpuscles and dermal papillae
what type of tissue is found in the reticular region
dense, irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
what do the elastic fibers and collagen do to the skin?
make it flexible
the tissue of the reticular region is ___ woven
tightly
the tissue of the papillary is ___ woven
loosely
sensory receptors for deep pressure
pacinian corpuscles
name some functions of the integumentary system
bob-body temp regulation
prayed- protection
so- sensation
evelyn- excretion
is- immunity
boss-blood reservoir
vampire- vitamin d synthesis
what are the organs of the integumentary system
skin hair nails sweat glands and oil glands
superficial fascia (adipose tissue)
hypodermis
where are mesiners corpusclecs found and what do they do
they are found in the papillary region of the dermis, in the upper region. they are responsible for light touch
where are pacinian corpuscles found and what do they do
they are found in the reticular region in the lower part, they are responsible for DEEP pressure
what gives color to our skin
protein pigments called melanin
how is melanin created
secreted by melanocytes
what determines skin color
the amount of pigment
brown/black pigment from amino acid tyrosine
melanin
yellow orange pigment, precursor of vitamin A
carotene
blood pigment gives “pink” caucasian color due to dermal capillaries
hemoglobin
hemoglobin (Hb) depleted of oxygen (looks blueish)
cyanosis
liver disorder, increase of bile come from heme recycling (looks yellowish)
jaundice
what do u know ab hair and follicles
growths
protection
decreases heat loss
what is the anatomy of hair and follicles
columns of dead keratinized cells
above surface
hair shaft
name the layers of the hair
cuticle (outer), cortex (middle), medulla (inner)
below surface, deep into dermis
root
what surrounds the root
follicle
base, houses papilla
bulb
areolar connective, blood vessels deliver nutrients
papilla
responsible for goosebumps
changes the shape of the hair follicle
arrector pili
nerve endings to cause sensation
hair root plexus
what provides blood for hair growth
papilla
explain what you know about male pattern baldness
its genetic and caused by increase of testosterone, if the use a vasodialtor to dilate the blood bessles, this will increase blood flow and allow for more oxygen and nutrients to reach the hair
what causes the color of hair
melanocytes called eumelanin and pheomelanin
what causes grey hair
when there is a decrease in melanin
oil glands connected to hair follicle
sebaceous glands
where are sebaceous glands located
anywhere but the palms, soles
what do sebaceous glands do
secrete sebum made of fats, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts
what are some functions of the sebaceous glands
moistens hair, decreases skins water loss, keeps skin pliable, decreases most bacteria growth
what are the two types of sudoriferous glands
eccrine and apocrin
open to epidermis and are the most common sweat gland
eccrine
mainly found in axillary regions and opens to the hair follicle
apocrine
what is found in sweat
water, na , cl , urea, uric acid, ammonia, glucose, lactic acid, ascorbic acid
make ear wax and prevent microbe penetratoin
ceruminous glands
three burns
epidermis- 1st degree
thru dermis- 2nd degree
thru hypodermis - 3rd degree
mutation of the skin cells causing uncontrolled mitosis
skin cancer
stratum basale origin, most common and fairly noninvasive
basal cell carcinoma
mostly keratinocytes of spinosum, can metastisize
squamous cell carcinoma
most aggressive, invasive, malignant due to an increase in melanocyte migration
melanoma
if the epidermis is only affected the ___ uses cell division to fill in the gaps
stratum basale
if the dermis is affected___ occurs. this means that ___ are secreted to repair the matrix
- clotting
- fibroblasts
in thermoregulation, name the effectors and the effects
the sudiferous (effectors) produce sweat (effect) , this vasodilates blood vessels
also blood vessels can be an effector and cause the effect of blood vessels dilating
what do choleciferol do ?
- increase mall intestine absorptino of Calcium
- increase kidney absorption of calcium
- increase calcium release from bone
vitamin d is included in a ___
chemical conversion
explain conversion of dehydrocholesterol
Dehydro-> choleciferol due to uv-»travels to kidneys where it is converted to vitamin d3/calcitrol
