Exam 2 Chapter 8

Question 1

the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

Answer 1

Perspective taking

Question 2

the global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self- worth or self-image

Answer 2

Self-esteem

Question 3

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Answer 3

self-concept

Question 4

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Answer 4

self-efficacy

Question 5

the lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. The individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment

Answer 5

Preconventional reasoning

Question 6

Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning, in which moral thinking is tied to punishment

Answer 6

heteronomous morality

Question 7

The second Kohlberg stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals pursue their own interest but also let others do the same

Answer 7

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Question 8

the second or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the law of society

Answer 8

conventional reasoning

Question 9

Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring and loyalty to others as a basis or moral judgements

Answer 9

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 10

the fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

Answer 10

social systems morality

Question 11

the highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

Answer 11

postconventional reasoning

Question 12

the fifth Kohlberg stage. at this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law

Answer 12

social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 13

the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights

Answer 13

universal ethical principles

Question 14

a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions

Answer 14

justice perspective

Question 15

the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

Answer 15

care perspective

Question 16

theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

Answer 16

domain theory of moral development

Question 17

thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with oral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues

Answer 17

social conventional reasoning

Question 18

broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males

Answer 18

gender stereotypes

Question 19

the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

Answer 19

androgyny

Question 20

children who are frequently nominated as a best friend are rarely disliked by their peers

Answer 20

popular children

Question 21

children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

Answer 21

average children

Question 22

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

Answer 22

neglected children

Question 23

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

Answer 23

rejected children

Question 24

children who are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

Answer 24

controversial children

Question 25

a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals active constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

Answer 25

constructivist approach

Question 26

a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by students on learning tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum

Answer 26

direct instruction approach

Question 27

the cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves

Answer 27

mindset