Exam 2 Chapter 8 Flashcards
the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings
Perspective taking
the global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self- worth or self-image
Self-esteem
domain-specific evaluations of the self
self-concept
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
self-efficacy
the lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. The individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment
Preconventional reasoning
Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning, in which moral thinking is tied to punishment
heteronomous morality
The second Kohlberg stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals pursue their own interest but also let others do the same
Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
the second or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the law of society
conventional reasoning
Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring and loyalty to others as a basis or moral judgements
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
the fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code
social systems morality
the highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code
postconventional reasoning
the fifth Kohlberg stage. at this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law
social contract or utility and individual rights
the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights
universal ethical principles
a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions
justice perspective
the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
care perspective
theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience
domain theory of moral development
thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with oral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues
social conventional reasoning
broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
gender stereotypes
the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual
androgyny
children who are frequently nominated as a best friend are rarely disliked by their peers
popular children
children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
average children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
neglected children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
rejected children
children who are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked
controversial children
