Exam 1, Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
Psychology
Study of behavior and menal process (1960s)
What do we study in human development?
Study the CHANGE in behavior, mental processes associated w/age
try to answer 3 ?s
1. What changes?
2. When does it change?
3. Why does it change? Heredity and environment
Goals for human development
- describe and measure behavior change
- predict and control behavior change
- explain and understand behavior change
Primacy Factor
Why??
- Early life experiences have a greater influence on development than later life experiences
- -early behavior patterns
- -critical/sensitive periods
Recency Factor
Why?
- while development is somewhat based on early experience, early development does not fully explain later development (don`t go overboard on early experiences)
- -abillity to change behvior
- -consider Freud`s theory
Heredity-Environment Shift
- Early child development represents a transition from immature bioogical characteristics to complex behavior that is increasingly influenced by the environment
- enviornment becomes increasingly more important in shaping behavior
- shift in the heredity-environment balance
Phyloenetic
- lower species: reflexes determine many behaviors
* higher species: environmental determinants on behavior?
Orthogenetic Principle
-development proceeds from a global undifferentiated state
-through a series of discret parts
-those parts become integrate and coordinated with one another
Examples: pincher grasp
reaching
course material
Individual Differences-
3 types of infants
Why?
- easy, difficult, slow to warm up
- individual differences tend to increase over the life span
- -unique genetic backgrounds
- -unique environmental interactions with heredity
- -increased complexity and behavior
- increased & varied experiences
- -cumulative effect of experience
- -makes true developmental changes less obvious to detect
Cohort Differences
Why?
- differences cohort (generations) develop differently
- -generational differences
- -different history and timing of events
- -changes in society- technology
- -cultural changes
example: Sesame Street came out in 1969 (changed the way children processed information)
What is a theory?
criteria for a good theory
Systematic statement of principles that explains phenomenon in guides investigations of new questions
- fit
- testable
- rigor (how well is th theory put tgether)
Psychoanalytic
Approaches interpret HD in terms of intricsic drves and motivations, many of which are unconscious
Learning Theory
-Behaviorism- Pavlov, Skinner
-social learning- Bandura
look at the relationships between stimuli and responses, external influences, learning are true at all ages
cognitive theory
Piaget
information procccesing; focus on development and structure of an individual`s thought process and the effect on his or her understanding of the world on behavior
Ecological Theory
focus on dynamic interactions between the devloping self and the surroundings (society/curlture)
*Urie Bronfenbrnner
Ethological Theory
Lorenz, Buss and Gottlieb
- Focuses on bioogical and evolutionary influences characterized by critical and senstive periods
- emphasizes the role of genes
What are the stages of prenatal development?
- germinal stage
- embryonic stage
- fetal stage
Germinal stage
-conception to 2 weeks
-1st cell divison (30 hrs)
-morula (3rd day)
blastocyst (4th day) shpe forming
-passes out of fallopian tub (6th day)
-implantaion (14th day)
*exchanges between mom and zygote, becomes dependent on mother
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks-8/12 weeks
- mother-infant exchanges oxygen
- structural differentiation
- endoderm (inner layer) internal organs
- mesoderm (middle layer) bones, reroductive organs
- ectoderm (outer layer) skin teeth
- Period of most raid organ growth
Fetal Stage
8/12 weeks- birth (38 weeks)
- no new parts developing
- growth, detail, and functioing organs
- age of viability (6 months) 50/50 chance of survivial
Premature infants
> 35 weeks
5 pounds
-breathing and body temperature critical things at birth
-holding and cuddling important
rats have taught a lot about premature babies
What is a teratogen?
Factors that determine effect
external agent that can impair prenatal development and lead to an abnormalities, disabilities, and even death
Ex: diseaase(syphilis), lifestyle (smoking), drugs, Exposure (radiation)
1. timing
2. genetic vulnerability
Newborn
- 8-20 inches
- 5.5-10 pounds
- sleep 10-21 hrs
- senses: taste, touch, smell are well developed
- hearing: fairly well-developed
- sight: least developed sense
- mostly involuntary reflexes
Visual acuity
Newborn: 20/600
6 month: 20/60
1 year: 20/25
Visual accommodation
Within 2-3 months adult-like
Binocula convergene
Good for moving objets…more difficult for stationary objects
What are the stages of Piget`s Theory of intellectual development (cognitive)?
- Sensrimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
What are two types of adaptation?
- Assimilation: new info based on present
2. accomodation: change to fit new info
Sensorimotor
- B-2 yrs
- focus on action, objects, and events
- coordination of senses amd body movements
- 6 stages of sensorimotor growth
Stages of sensorimotor growth
- B-1 mon Activating Reflexes: excercises ready-made relexes (grasping, sucking, orienting)
- 1 mon-4 mon Primary Circular Reations: body centered repeated movements- combine and coordinate schemes
- 4-8 mon Secondary Circular Reations: object-centered (primitive signs of object permanence)
- 8-12 mon Cooridination of Secondary Schemes: combine schemas to achieve goals
- 12-18 mon Tertiary Circular Reaction: learn properties of objects by dropping objects, new schemas evolve to achieve goals
- 18-24 mon Invention of new means through mental combination; makes first inferences; object permanence complete
What is attachment?
An affectual and enduring bond between the infant and some signifiant individual
humans take 6 months to form attchment; for 2 reasons
1. need for closeness
2. wish to explore
What are the phases of attachment of Bowlby`s?
- Indiscriminat Sociability
- Attachment-in-the-making
- clear-cut attchment
- goal-corrected partnership
Indiscriminant Sociability
B-6 weeks
Infant:
*responds + to variety stimuli based on physical features
*contour, contrast, movement
*face powerful stimuli
Caretaker:
*responds to smiling and other responses of infants
*begins to develop sychronous behavviors
Attachment-in-the-making
6weeks- 6/8 mon
Infant:
* discriminates between people and objets… preferring people
* signaling: greeting and proximity maintaining behaviors
*clear recognition of caretaker
Caretker:
*reponds infant signaling
*further development of synchronous behavior
Clear-Cut Attachment
6/8 mon- 18/24 mon
Infant:
*increased mobility
*active initiation of interaction w/caretker
*true attachment
*discrimination between primary, secondary, subsidiary caretakers, and strangers
*uses caretaker to base from which to explore
Caretaker:
*balance achievd in interation
goal-corrected partnership
18/ 24 months and older
Infant:
*Infers & predicts caretaker`s behavior
*develops a plan to adjust caretker behavior according to infants desire
* strong perference for primary caretaker
Caretaker:
*responds to infants advances
* adjust own behavior in reponse to infant
* stong sychronous behaviors continues
Stranger anxiety
- Predominant 6-12 months
- apprehension expressed towards strangers
- related to predictability
- related to caretaker responding
Separation Anxiety
Predominate 12-18 months
- upset when caretker leaves…cry,despair
- relatd to predictability
