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Human Development > Exam 1, Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1, Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

Study of behavior and menal process (1960s)

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2
Q

What do we study in human development?

A

Study the CHANGE in behavior, mental processes associated w/age
try to answer 3 ?s
1. What changes?
2. When does it change?
3. Why does it change? Heredity and environment

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3
Q

Goals for human development

A
  • describe and measure behavior change
  • predict and control behavior change
  • explain and understand behavior change
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4
Q

Primacy Factor

Why??

A
  • Early life experiences have a greater influence on development than later life experiences
  • -early behavior patterns
  • -critical/sensitive periods
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5
Q

Recency Factor

Why?

A
  • while development is somewhat based on early experience, early development does not fully explain later development (don`t go overboard on early experiences)
  • -abillity to change behvior
  • -consider Freud`s theory
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6
Q

Heredity-Environment Shift

A
  • Early child development represents a transition from immature bioogical characteristics to complex behavior that is increasingly influenced by the environment
  • enviornment becomes increasingly more important in shaping behavior
  • shift in the heredity-environment balance
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7
Q

Phyloenetic

A
  • lower species: reflexes determine many behaviors

* higher species: environmental determinants on behavior?

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8
Q

Orthogenetic Principle

A

-development proceeds from a global undifferentiated state
-through a series of discret parts
-those parts become integrate and coordinated with one another
Examples: pincher grasp
reaching
course material

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9
Q

Individual Differences-
3 types of infants
Why?

A
  • easy, difficult, slow to warm up
  • individual differences tend to increase over the life span
  • -unique genetic backgrounds
  • -unique environmental interactions with heredity
  • -increased complexity and behavior
    • increased & varied experiences
  • -cumulative effect of experience
  • -makes true developmental changes less obvious to detect
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10
Q

Cohort Differences

Why?

A
  • differences cohort (generations) develop differently
  • -generational differences
  • -different history and timing of events
  • -changes in society- technology
  • -cultural changes
    example: Sesame Street came out in 1969 (changed the way children processed information)
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11
Q

What is a theory?

criteria for a good theory

A

Systematic statement of principles that explains phenomenon in guides investigations of new questions

  • fit
  • testable
  • rigor (how well is th theory put tgether)
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12
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

Approaches interpret HD in terms of intricsic drves and motivations, many of which are unconscious

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13
Q

Learning Theory

A

-Behaviorism- Pavlov, Skinner
-social learning- Bandura
look at the relationships between stimuli and responses, external influences, learning are true at all ages

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14
Q

cognitive theory

A

Piaget
information procccesing; focus on development and structure of an individual`s thought process and the effect on his or her understanding of the world on behavior

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15
Q

Ecological Theory

A

focus on dynamic interactions between the devloping self and the surroundings (society/curlture)
*Urie Bronfenbrnner

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16
Q

Ethological Theory

A

Lorenz, Buss and Gottlieb

  • Focuses on bioogical and evolutionary influences characterized by critical and senstive periods
  • emphasizes the role of genes
17
Q

What are the stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. germinal stage
  2. embryonic stage
  3. fetal stage
18
Q

Germinal stage

A

-conception to 2 weeks
-1st cell divison (30 hrs)
-morula (3rd day)
blastocyst (4th day) shpe forming
-passes out of fallopian tub (6th day)
-implantaion (14th day)
*exchanges between mom and zygote, becomes dependent on mother

19
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2 weeks-8/12 weeks

  • mother-infant exchanges oxygen
  • structural differentiation
    • endoderm (inner layer) internal organs
    • mesoderm (middle layer) bones, reroductive organs
    • ectoderm (outer layer) skin teeth
  • Period of most raid organ growth
20
Q

Fetal Stage

A

8/12 weeks- birth (38 weeks)

  • no new parts developing
  • growth, detail, and functioing organs
  • age of viability (6 months) 50/50 chance of survivial
21
Q

Premature infants

A

> 35 weeks
5 pounds
-breathing and body temperature critical things at birth
-holding and cuddling important
rats have taught a lot about premature babies

22
Q

What is a teratogen?

Factors that determine effect

A

external agent that can impair prenatal development and lead to an abnormalities, disabilities, and even death
Ex: diseaase(syphilis), lifestyle (smoking), drugs, Exposure (radiation)
1. timing
2. genetic vulnerability

23
Q

Newborn

A
  • 8-20 inches
  • 5.5-10 pounds
  • sleep 10-21 hrs
  • senses: taste, touch, smell are well developed
  • hearing: fairly well-developed
  • sight: least developed sense
  • mostly involuntary reflexes
24
Q

Visual acuity

A

Newborn: 20/600
6 month: 20/60
1 year: 20/25

25
Q

Visual accommodation

A

Within 2-3 months adult-like

26
Q

Binocula convergene

A

Good for moving objets…more difficult for stationary objects

27
Q

What are the stages of Piget`s Theory of intellectual development (cognitive)?

A
  1. Sensrimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
28
Q

What are two types of adaptation?

A
  1. Assimilation: new info based on present

2. accomodation: change to fit new info

29
Q

Sensorimotor

A
  • B-2 yrs
  • focus on action, objects, and events
  • coordination of senses amd body movements
  • 6 stages of sensorimotor growth
30
Q

Stages of sensorimotor growth

A
  1. B-1 mon Activating Reflexes: excercises ready-made relexes (grasping, sucking, orienting)
  2. 1 mon-4 mon Primary Circular Reations: body centered repeated movements- combine and coordinate schemes
  3. 4-8 mon Secondary Circular Reations: object-centered (primitive signs of object permanence)
  4. 8-12 mon Cooridination of Secondary Schemes: combine schemas to achieve goals
  5. 12-18 mon Tertiary Circular Reaction: learn properties of objects by dropping objects, new schemas evolve to achieve goals
  6. 18-24 mon Invention of new means through mental combination; makes first inferences; object permanence complete
31
Q

What is attachment?

A

An affectual and enduring bond between the infant and some signifiant individual
humans take 6 months to form attchment; for 2 reasons
1. need for closeness
2. wish to explore

32
Q

What are the phases of attachment of Bowlby`s?

A
  1. Indiscriminat Sociability
  2. Attachment-in-the-making
  3. clear-cut attchment
  4. goal-corrected partnership
33
Q

Indiscriminant Sociability

A

B-6 weeks
Infant:
*responds + to variety stimuli based on physical features
*contour, contrast, movement
*face powerful stimuli
Caretaker:
*responds to smiling and other responses of infants
*begins to develop sychronous behavviors

34
Q

Attachment-in-the-making

A

6weeks- 6/8 mon
Infant:
* discriminates between people and objets… preferring people
* signaling: greeting and proximity maintaining behaviors
*clear recognition of caretaker
Caretker:
*reponds infant signaling
*further development of synchronous behavior

35
Q

Clear-Cut Attachment

A

6/8 mon- 18/24 mon
Infant:
*increased mobility
*active initiation of interaction w/caretker
*true attachment
*discrimination between primary, secondary, subsidiary caretakers, and strangers
*uses caretaker to base from which to explore
Caretaker:
*balance achievd in interation

36
Q

goal-corrected partnership

A

18/ 24 months and older
Infant:
*Infers & predicts caretaker`s behavior
*develops a plan to adjust caretker behavior according to infants desire
* strong perference for primary caretaker
Caretaker:
*responds to infants advances
* adjust own behavior in reponse to infant
* stong sychronous behaviors continues

37
Q

Stranger anxiety

A
  • Predominant 6-12 months
  • apprehension expressed towards strangers
  • related to predictability
  • related to caretaker responding
38
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

Predominate 12-18 months

  • upset when caretker leaves…cry,despair
  • relatd to predictability

Human Development (13 decks)

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