Exam 2 Chapter 7

Question 1

describes a child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.

To be classified as a learning disability, the problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantages

Answer 1

Learning disability

Question 2

a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristic: (1) inattention (2) hyperactivity and (3) impulsivity

Answer 2

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 3

Also called pervasive developmental disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. These disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors

Answer 3

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Question 4

a written statement that spells out a program tailored to a child with a disability

Answer 4

Individualized education plan (IEP)

Question 5

the concept that a child with a disability should be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated

Answer 5

least restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 6

educating a child who requires special education full-time in the regular classroom

Answer 6

inclusion

Question 7

the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)

Answer 7

seriation

Question 8

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

Answer 8

transitivity

Question 9

developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget’s theory, giving more emphasis to how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process info

Answer 9

neo-Piagetians

Question 10

a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of info for a long period of time

Answer 10

long-term memory

Question 11

consist of deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of info

Answer 11

strategies

Question 12

an important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing of info

Answer 12

elaboration

Question 13

states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace and (2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of info

Answer 13

Fuzzy trace theory

Question 14

manipulating and transforming info in memory

Answer 14

thinking

Question 15

thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence

Answer 15

critical thinking

Question 16

the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems

Answer 16

creative thinking

Question 17

the type of thinking that produces one correct answer and is typically assessed by standardized intelligence test.

Answer 17

Convergent thinking

Question 18

thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity

Answer 18

divergent thinking

Question 19

cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing

Answer 19

metacognition

Question 20

problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life

Answer 20

intelligence

Question 21

Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others

Answer 21

mental age (MA)

Question 22

a person’s mental age divided by chronological age ad multiplied by 100

Answer 22

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 23

a symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

Answer 23

normal distribution

Question 24

Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

Answer 24

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 25

test of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias

Answer 25

culture-fair tests

Question 26

a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

Answer 26

intellectual disability

Question 27

intellectual disability that involves some physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

Answer 27

organic retardation

Question 28

intellectual disability that is characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual’s IQ generally is between 50 and 70

Answer 28

cultural-familial retardation

Question 29

having above-average

intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something

Answer 29

gifted

Question 30

refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language

Answer 30

metalinguistic awareness

Question 31

an approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful

Answer 31

Whole-language approach

Question 32

the idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

Answer 32

phonics approach