Exam 2 Chapter 7 Flashcards
describes a child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.
To be classified as a learning disability, the problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantages
Learning disability
a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristic: (1) inattention (2) hyperactivity and (3) impulsivity
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Also called pervasive developmental disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. These disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
a written statement that spells out a program tailored to a child with a disability
Individualized education plan (IEP)
the concept that a child with a disability should be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated
least restrictive environment (LRE)
educating a child who requires special education full-time in the regular classroom
inclusion
the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
seriation
the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
transitivity
developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget’s theory, giving more emphasis to how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process info
neo-Piagetians
a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of info for a long period of time
long-term memory
consist of deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of info
strategies
an important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing of info
elaboration
states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace and (2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of info
Fuzzy trace theory
manipulating and transforming info in memory
thinking
thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence
critical thinking
the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
creative thinking
the type of thinking that produces one correct answer and is typically assessed by standardized intelligence test.
Convergent thinking
thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity
divergent thinking
cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing
metacognition
problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life
intelligence
Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others
mental age (MA)
a person’s mental age divided by chronological age ad multiplied by 100
intelligence quotient (IQ)
a symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
normal distribution
Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
triarchic theory of intelligence
test of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias
culture-fair tests
a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life
intellectual disability
intellectual disability that involves some physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage
organic retardation
intellectual disability that is characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual’s IQ generally is between 50 and 70
cultural-familial retardation
having above-average
intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something
gifted
refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language
metalinguistic awareness
an approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful
Whole-language approach
the idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
phonics approach
