Exam 2 Chapter 5 Flashcards
the process by which the axons are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system
myelination
Piaget’s second stage, (2-7 years old), during which children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory info and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, these are internalized, reversible sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically
operations
Piaget’s 1st substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (2-4yrs)
symbolic function substage
the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s
egocentrism
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
animism
Piaget’s 2nd substage of preoperational thought, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (4-7 yrs)
intuitive thought substage
the focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
centration
an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed
social constructivist approach
Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on task, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
executive attention
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment
sustained attention
the memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the info
short-term memory
An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex
executive functioning
units of meaning involved in word formation
morphology
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
pragmatics
Education the involves the whole child by considering both they child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interest, and learning styles
child-centered kindergarten
An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire
Montessori approach
education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual appropriateness)
developmentally appropriate practice
a government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success
project Head Start
in Piaget’s theory, awareness that altering an object’s or an substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
conservation
Vygotsky’s term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance
zone of proximal development
refers to the awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others
theory of mind
the sound system of a language, including the sounds used and how they may be combined
phonology
the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
syntax
the meaning of words and sentences
semantics
