Exam 2 Chapter 5

Question 1

the process by which the axons are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system

Answer 1

myelination

Question 2

Piaget’s second stage, (2-7 years old), during which children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory info and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed

Answer 2

preoperational stage

Question 3

in Piaget’s theory, these are internalized, reversible sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically

Answer 3

operations

Question 4

Piaget’s 1st substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (2-4yrs)

Answer 4

symbolic function substage

Question 5

the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s

Answer 5

egocentrism

Question 6

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Answer 6

animism

Question 7

Piaget’s 2nd substage of preoperational thought, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (4-7 yrs)

Answer 7

intuitive thought substage

Question 8

the focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Answer 8

centration

Question 9

an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed

Answer 9

social constructivist approach

Question 10

Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on task, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

Answer 10

executive attention

Question 11

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment

Answer 11

sustained attention

Question 12

the memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the info

Answer 12

short-term memory

Question 13

An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

executive functioning

Question 14

units of meaning involved in word formation

Answer 14

morphology

Question 15

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

Answer 15

pragmatics

Question 16

Education the involves the whole child by considering both they child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interest, and learning styles

Answer 16

child-centered kindergarten

Question 17

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire

Answer 17

Montessori approach

Question 18

education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual appropriateness)

Answer 18

developmentally appropriate practice

Question 19

a government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success

Answer 19

project Head Start

Question 20

in Piaget’s theory, awareness that altering an object’s or an substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Answer 20

conservation

Question 21

Vygotsky’s term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance

Answer 21

zone of proximal development

Question 22

refers to the awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others

Answer 22

theory of mind

Question 23

the sound system of a language, including the sounds used and how they may be combined

Answer 23

phonology

Question 24

the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Answer 24

syntax

Question 25

the meaning of words and sentences

Answer 25

semantics