Exam 2: Ch. 7-10 Flashcards by Genna Allen

function of kidney

remove nitrogenous wastes, balance water and electrolytes, degrade and eliminate hormones, release substances

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nitrogenous waste products

urea, uric acid, creatinine

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triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exists

trigone

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male vs. female urinary system

same system; males urethra ~8 inches long, female urethra ~2 inches

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where does blood enter the kidneys?

right and left renal arteries

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what carries blood to capillaries?

arterioles

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what filters the blood in kidneys?

glomeruli

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tiny couplet structure that surrounds each glomerulus; where urine goes after the glomerulus

Bowman’s Capsule

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basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

nephron

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3 steps in formation of urine

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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filters water, sugar, waste, sodium

glomerular filtration

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reabsorption of water, sugar, and salt

tubular reabsorption

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secretion of acids, potassium, and drugs

tubular secretion

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all collecting tubules lead to:

renal pelvis

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small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis

calyces

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process of forming and expelling urine

bloodstream
glomerular
filtration occurs into Bowman’s capsule
renal tube
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra
urinary meatus

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cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

calyx; calyces

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inflammation of the urinary bladder

cystitis

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conditions of excess fluid (water) in the kidney

hydronephrosis

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scantiness of urine (<400 mL/day)

oliguria

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breaking up kidney stones with sound waves

lithotripsy

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abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway

stricture

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painful urination

dysuria

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hernia of the tube connecting the kidney and urinary bladder

ureterocele

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hardening of blood vessels in the kidney

nephrosclerosis

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abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces

edema

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urine dipstick tests

pH, protein, glucose, ketones, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, bilirubin

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cali/o; calic/o

calyx; cup-shaped

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cyst/o

urinary bladder

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glomerul/o

glomerulus

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meat/o

meatus

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nephr/o

kidney

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pyel/o

renal pelvis

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ren/o

kidney

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trigon/o

trigone

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ureter/o

ureter

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urethr/o

urethra

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vesic/o

urinary bladder

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albumin/o

albumin- protein in the blood

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azot/o

nitrogen

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bacteri/o

bacteria

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dips/o

thirst

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kal/i

potassium

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ket/o; keton/o

ketone bodies

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lith/o

stone

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natr/o

sodium

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noct/o

night

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olig/o

scanty

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-poietin

substance that forms

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py/o

pus

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-tripsy

crushing

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ur/o; urin/o

urine

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-uria

urination; urine condition

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amni/o

amnion

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bartholin/o

bartholin gland

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chori/o, chorion/o

chorion

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cervic/o

cervix, neck

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colp/o

vagina

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culd/o

cul-de-sac

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episi/o

vulva

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galact/o

milk

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gynec/o

milk

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gametes

ova and sperm cells

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study of female reproductive system

gynecology

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study of the care and treatment of newborns

neonatology

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specialty concerned with pregnancy and delivery of the fetus

obstetrics

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occurrence of first cycle

menarche

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ending of menstruation

menopause

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amni/o

amnion

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lact/o

milk

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finger like ends of the fallopian tubes

fimbriae

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removal of both fallopian tubes and ovaries

bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

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pituitary hormone that promotes ovulation

luteinizing hormone

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inner most of embryonic membrane surrounding the embryo

amnion

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normal delivery fetal position head first

cephalic presentation

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cells from the lining of the uterus grow in other areas of the body

endometeriosis

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spirochete bacteria

syphillismal

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malignant tumor in the ovary

cystadenocarcinomas

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premature separation of the implanted placenta

abruptio placentae

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abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and headache

preeclampsia

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implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the cervix

placenta previa

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visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope

colposcopy

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dilate the cervix and scrape off the endometrial lining of the uterus

dilation and curettage (D&C)

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male gamete

spermatozoon

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this is part of the tail of a sperm cell which makes it mobile

flagellum

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male reproductive system secretes this hormone

testosterone

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sac containing the male gonad; encloses the testes outside the body

scrotum

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twins resulting from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells

fraternal twins

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tubes that connects epididymis to the urethra

ejaculatory duct

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hormones released by leydig cells

androgens

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narrow, coiled tubule that produces sperm in a testis

seminiferous tubules

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balan/o

glans penis

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crypt/o

hidden, concealed

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inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatitis

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inability of the adult male to achieve an erection

erectile dysfunction (impotence)

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surgical fixation of an undescended testes into the scrotum

orchiopexy

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removal of a testis

orchiectomy

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sac of clear fluid in the scrotum

hydrocele

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birth defect where urethra has an abnormal opening of the urinary meatus

hypospadias

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foreskin

prepuce

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bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens

vasectomy

neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions

acetylcholine

large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system

plexus

stimulate body under stress, increase HR, increase BP, dilate airways

sympathetic nerves

balance the sympathetic system. slow HR, lower BP, constrict airways

parasympathetic nerves

carries nervous impulse along nerve cell

axon

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle cells

synapse

maintain health of nervous system, moderate neurotransmissions, help ward off infection

glial cells

type of glial cell that transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons

astrocytes

type of glial cell; phagocytic cells protecting neurons in response to inflammation

microglial cells

type of glial cell that forms the myelin sheath around neurons in CNS

oligodendroglial cells

type of glial cell that lines membranes (meninges) within the brain and spinal cord where CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) circulates

ependymal cells

depression, groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex

sulci

largest part of brain, responsible for voluntary muscular activity

cerebrum

surface of cerebrum, sheets of nerve cells, outer most layer of cerebrum

cerebral cortex

coordinates voluntary movements, maintains balance and posture

cerebellum

contains neurons that control body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions; regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland; monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

hypothalamus

posterior part of the brain, provide main motor of sensory to face and neck via cranial nerves

brainstem

bridges cerebrum with cerebellum and medulla oblongata; houses nerves for face and eyes

pons

spider-like membrane; loosely attached to other meninges by web-like

arachnoid membrane

3rd layer of meninges closest to brain and spinal cord and contains delicate connective tissue with rich supply of blood vessels

pia matter

spinal fluid is withdrawn for diagnosis or release of pressure on brain by inserting needle in lumbar portion

lumbar puncture (LP)

relieving symptoms but not curative

palliative

traumatic brain injury caused by blow to the head; temporary brain dysfunction after injury

cerebral concussion

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to head; subdural and epidural hematomas occur, leading to permanent brain injury

cerebral contusion

inflammation of spinal cord

myelitis

collection or mass of blood

hematoma

brain doesn’t properly recognize and interpret phrases

dyslexia

condition of decreased coordination

ataxia

obstruction of a blood vessel by clot or foreign substance

embolism

benign tumor of the meninges

meningioma

pertaining to muscle or nerve

myoneural

lack of strength in nerves

neurasthenia

hyster/o

uterus, womb

mamm/o

breast

mast/o

breast

men/o

menses, menstruation

metr/o, metri/o

uterus

my/o

muscle

myom/o

muscle tumor

nat/i

birth

obstetr/o

pregnancy and childbirth

olig/o

scanty

o/o, ov/o

egg

oophor/o

ovary

ovari/o

ovary

ovul/o

egg

perine/o

perineum

phor/o

to bear

py/o

pus

salping/o

fallopian tubes

uter/o

uterus

vulv/o

vulva

-arche

beginning

-cyesis

pregnancy

-dynia

painful

-ectomy

removal; excision; resection

-flexion

process of bending

-genesis

producing; forming

-gravida

pregnant

-pareunia

sexual intercourse

-parous

bearing, bringing forth

-plasia

development; formation; growth

-rrhagia

bursting forth (of blood)

-rrhapy

suture

-salpinx

fallopian tube

-tocia, -tocin

labor, birth

-version

act of turning

dys-

painful

endo-

within

nulli-

no, not, none

oxy-

rapid; sharp; acid

peri-

surrounding

primi-

first

pseudo-

false

retro-

backward

alges/o

sensitivity to pain

angi/o

vessel

caus/o

burn; burning

cephal/o

head

cerebell/o

cerebellum (posterior part of the brain)

cerebr/o

cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

comat/o

deep sleep

crani/o

skull

cry/o

cold

dur/o

dura mater

encephal/o

brain

esthesi/o

nervous sensation

gli/o

glial cells; neuroglial cells (supportive tissue of nervous system)

hydr/o

water

kines/o, kinesi/o

movement

lex/o

word; phrase

mening/o; meningi/o

meninges

myel/o

spinal cord

narc/o

numbness; sleep

neur/o

nerve

pont/o

pons

radicul/o

nerve root

spin/o

spine

syncop/o

to cut off, cut short; faint

tax/o

order; coordination

thalam/o

thalamus

thec/o

sheath

troph/o

nourishment; development

vag/o

vagus nerve

-algesia

sensitivity to pain

-algia

pain

-blast

embryonic; immature cell

-cele

hernia

-esthesia

nervous sensation

-ine

pertaining to

-kinetic

pertaining to movement

-lepsy

seizure

-ose

full of; pertaining to; sugar

-paresis

weakness

-phagia

condition of eating; swallowing

-phasia

speech

-plegia

paralysis; palsy

-praxia

action

-ptosis

falling; drooping; prolapse

-sclerosis

hardening

-sthenia

strength

-trophy

nourishment; development

hemi-

half

hyper-

above; excessive

hypo-

deficient; below; under

polio-

gray matter

quadri-

four

thin, transparent membrane surrounding the spinal cord like a loosely fitting sac

arachnoid membrane

inner region of an organ

medulla

outer region of an organ

cortex

inner lining of the uterus

endometrium

vascular organ that attaches to the uterine wall during pregnancy

placenta

female hormone produced by the ovaries

estrogen

what hormone do pregnancy tests detect

hCG

malignant tumor of the ovary

cystadenocarcinoma

narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra

vas deferens

tube through which semen enters the urethra

ejaculatory duct

hernia of fluid in the scrotum

hydrocele

-pexy

fixation; put in place

inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatitis

narrowing of opening of the foreskin over the glans penis

phimosis

removal of a testis

orchiectomy

microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell

axon

chemical that is released at end of nerve cell and stimulates or inhibits another cell

neurotransmitter

pertaining to muscles and nerves

myoneural

electric record of the brain

electroencephalography

lack of strength in nerves

neurasthenia

disorder of reading, writing, and learning

dyslexia

paralysis in the lower part of the body

paraplegia

tail end of spinal cord

cauda equine

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Exam 2: Ch. 7-10 Flashcards

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