Exam 2: Ch. 7-10 Flashcards
function of kidney
remove nitrogenous wastes, balance water and electrolytes, degrade and eliminate hormones, release substances
nitrogenous waste products
urea, uric acid, creatinine
triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exists
trigone
male vs. female urinary system
same system; males urethra ~8 inches long, female urethra ~2 inches
where does blood enter the kidneys?
right and left renal arteries
what carries blood to capillaries?
arterioles
what filters the blood in kidneys?
glomeruli
tiny couplet structure that surrounds each glomerulus; where urine goes after the glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
nephron
3 steps in formation of urine
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
filters water, sugar, waste, sodium
glomerular filtration
reabsorption of water, sugar, and salt
tubular reabsorption
secretion of acids, potassium, and drugs
tubular secretion
all collecting tubules lead to:
renal pelvis
small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
calyces
process of forming and expelling urine
- bloodstream
- glomerular
- filtration occurs into Bowman’s capsule
- renal tube
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
- urinary meatus
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
calyx; calyces
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
conditions of excess fluid (water) in the kidney
hydronephrosis
scantiness of urine (<400 mL/day)
oliguria
breaking up kidney stones with sound waves
lithotripsy
abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway
stricture
painful urination
dysuria
hernia of the tube connecting the kidney and urinary bladder
ureterocele
hardening of blood vessels in the kidney
nephrosclerosis
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
edema
urine dipstick tests
pH, protein, glucose, ketones, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, bilirubin
cali/o; calic/o
calyx; cup-shaped
cyst/o
urinary bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
trigone
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
vesic/o
urinary bladder
albumin/o
albumin- protein in the blood
azot/o
nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
dips/o
thirst
kal/i
potassium
ket/o; keton/o
ketone bodies
lith/o
stone
natr/o
sodium
noct/o
night
olig/o
scanty
-poietin
substance that forms
py/o
pus
-tripsy
crushing
ur/o; urin/o
urine
-uria
urination; urine condition
amni/o
amnion
bartholin/o
bartholin gland
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
cervic/o
cervix, neck
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
episi/o
vulva
galact/o
milk
gynec/o
milk
gametes
ova and sperm cells
study of female reproductive system
gynecology
study of the care and treatment of newborns
neonatology
specialty concerned with pregnancy and delivery of the fetus
obstetrics
occurrence of first cycle
menarche
ending of menstruation
menopause
amni/o
amnion
lact/o
milk
finger like ends of the fallopian tubes
fimbriae
removal of both fallopian tubes and ovaries
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
pituitary hormone that promotes ovulation
luteinizing hormone
inner most of embryonic membrane surrounding the embryo
amnion
normal delivery fetal position head first
cephalic presentation
cells from the lining of the uterus grow in other areas of the body
endometeriosis
spirochete bacteria
syphillismal
malignant tumor in the ovary
cystadenocarcinomas
premature separation of the implanted placenta
abruptio placentae
abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and headache
preeclampsia
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the cervix
placenta previa
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
colposcopy
dilate the cervix and scrape off the endometrial lining of the uterus
dilation and curettage (D&C)
male gamete
spermatozoon
this is part of the tail of a sperm cell which makes it mobile
flagellum
male reproductive system secretes this hormone
testosterone
sac containing the male gonad; encloses the testes outside the body
scrotum
twins resulting from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells
fraternal twins
tubes that connects epididymis to the urethra
ejaculatory duct
hormones released by leydig cells
androgens
narrow, coiled tubule that produces sperm in a testis
seminiferous tubules
balan/o
glans penis
crypt/o
hidden, concealed
inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
inability of the adult male to achieve an erection
erectile dysfunction (impotence)
surgical fixation of an undescended testes into the scrotum
orchiopexy
removal of a testis
orchiectomy
sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
hydrocele
birth defect where urethra has an abnormal opening of the urinary meatus
hypospadias
foreskin
prepuce
bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
vasectomy
neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions
acetylcholine
large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system
plexus
stimulate body under stress, increase HR, increase BP, dilate airways
sympathetic nerves
balance the sympathetic system. slow HR, lower BP, constrict airways
parasympathetic nerves
carries nervous impulse along nerve cell
axon
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle cells
synapse
maintain health of nervous system, moderate neurotransmissions, help ward off infection
glial cells
type of glial cell that transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons
astrocytes
type of glial cell; phagocytic cells protecting neurons in response to inflammation
microglial cells
type of glial cell that forms the myelin sheath around neurons in CNS
oligodendroglial cells
type of glial cell that lines membranes (meninges) within the brain and spinal cord where CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) circulates
ependymal cells
depression, groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
sulci
largest part of brain, responsible for voluntary muscular activity
cerebrum
surface of cerebrum, sheets of nerve cells, outer most layer of cerebrum
cerebral cortex
coordinates voluntary movements, maintains balance and posture
cerebellum
contains neurons that control body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions; regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland; monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
hypothalamus
posterior part of the brain, provide main motor of sensory to face and neck via cranial nerves
brainstem
bridges cerebrum with cerebellum and medulla oblongata; houses nerves for face and eyes
pons
spider-like membrane; loosely attached to other meninges by web-like
arachnoid membrane
3rd layer of meninges closest to brain and spinal cord and contains delicate connective tissue with rich supply of blood vessels
pia matter
spinal fluid is withdrawn for diagnosis or release of pressure on brain by inserting needle in lumbar portion
lumbar puncture (LP)
relieving symptoms but not curative
palliative
traumatic brain injury caused by blow to the head; temporary brain dysfunction after injury
cerebral concussion
bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to head; subdural and epidural hematomas occur, leading to permanent brain injury
cerebral contusion
inflammation of spinal cord
myelitis
collection or mass of blood
hematoma
brain doesn’t properly recognize and interpret phrases
dyslexia
condition of decreased coordination
ataxia
obstruction of a blood vessel by clot or foreign substance
embolism
benign tumor of the meninges
meningioma
pertaining to muscle or nerve
myoneural
lack of strength in nerves
neurasthenia
hyster/o
uterus, womb
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
my/o
muscle
myom/o
muscle tumor
nat/i
birth
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
olig/o
scanty
o/o, ov/o
egg
oophor/o
ovary
ovari/o
ovary
ovul/o
egg
perine/o
perineum
phor/o
to bear
py/o
pus
salping/o
fallopian tubes
uter/o
uterus
vulv/o
vulva
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-dynia
painful
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
-flexion
process of bending
-genesis
producing; forming
-gravida
pregnant
-pareunia
sexual intercourse
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
-plasia
development; formation; growth
-rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
-rrhapy
suture
-salpinx
fallopian tube
-tocia, -tocin
labor, birth
-version
act of turning
dys-
painful
endo-
within
nulli-
no, not, none
oxy-
rapid; sharp; acid
peri-
surrounding
primi-
first
pseudo-
false
retro-
backward
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
angi/o
vessel
caus/o
burn; burning
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
cerebellum (posterior part of the brain)
cerebr/o
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
comat/o
deep sleep
crani/o
skull
cry/o
cold
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
nervous sensation
gli/o
glial cells; neuroglial cells (supportive tissue of nervous system)
hydr/o
water
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
lex/o
word; phrase
mening/o; meningi/o
meninges
myel/o
spinal cord
narc/o
numbness; sleep
neur/o
nerve
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
spin/o
spine
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short; faint
tax/o
order; coordination
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath
troph/o
nourishment; development
vag/o
vagus nerve
-algesia
sensitivity to pain
-algia
pain
-blast
embryonic; immature cell
-cele
hernia
-esthesia
nervous sensation
-ine
pertaining to
-kinetic
pertaining to movement
-lepsy
seizure
-ose
full of; pertaining to; sugar
-paresis
weakness
-phagia
condition of eating; swallowing
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis; palsy
-praxia
action
-ptosis
falling; drooping; prolapse
-sclerosis
hardening
-sthenia
strength
-trophy
nourishment; development
hemi-
half
hyper-
above; excessive
hypo-
deficient; below; under
polio-
gray matter
quadri-
four
thin, transparent membrane surrounding the spinal cord like a loosely fitting sac
arachnoid membrane
inner region of an organ
medulla
outer region of an organ
cortex
inner lining of the uterus
endometrium
vascular organ that attaches to the uterine wall during pregnancy
placenta
female hormone produced by the ovaries
estrogen
what hormone do pregnancy tests detect
hCG
malignant tumor of the ovary
cystadenocarcinoma
narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra
vas deferens
tube through which semen enters the urethra
ejaculatory duct
hernia of fluid in the scrotum
hydrocele
-pexy
fixation; put in place
inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
narrowing of opening of the foreskin over the glans penis
phimosis
removal of a testis
orchiectomy
microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell
axon
chemical that is released at end of nerve cell and stimulates or inhibits another cell
neurotransmitter
pertaining to muscles and nerves
myoneural
electric record of the brain
electroencephalography
lack of strength in nerves
neurasthenia
disorder of reading, writing, and learning
dyslexia
paralysis in the lower part of the body
paraplegia
tail end of spinal cord
cauda equine
