Exam 1: Chapters 1-6 Flashcards
eponym
term derived from the name of a person
acronym
terms formed from the first letters of the words in a phrase
hyper-
excessive
glyc/o
sugar or glucose
-emia
blood condition
erythr/o
red
-cyte
cell
electr/o
electricity
cardi/o
heart
-gram
record
epi-
above
gastr/o
stomach
-ic
pertaining to
hemat/o
blood
aden/o
gland
arthr/o
joint
bi/o
life
carcin/o
cancerous/cancer
cephal/o
head
cerebr/o
cerebrum (largest part of brain)
cis/o
to cut
crin/o
to secrete
cyst/o
urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst
cyt/o
cell
derm/o
skin
encephalo/o
brain
enter/o
intestines (usually small intestine)
gnos/o
knowledge
gynec/o
woman, female
hem/o
blood
hepat/o
liver
iatr/o
treatment, physician
leuk/o
white
log/o
study of
nephr/o
kidney
neur/o
nerve
onc/o
tumor (cancerous)
ophthalm/o
eye
oste/o
bone
path/o
disease
ped/o
child
psych/o
mind
radi/o
x-rays
ren/o
kidney
rhin/o
nose
sarc/o
flesh
sect/o
to cut
thromb/o
clot, clotting
ur/o
urinary tract, urine
-ac, -al, -ic, -ical
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-genic
pertaining to, producing, produced by, or produced in
-globin
protein
-ion
process
-ist
specialist
-itis
inflammation
-logy
process of study
-oma
tumor, mass, swelling
-opsy
process of viewing
-osis
condition, usually abnormal
-pathy
disease, condition
-scope
instrument to visually examine
-scopy
process of visually examining
-sis
state of; condition
-tomy
process of cutting; incision
-y
process, condition
a-, an-
no, not, without
aut-, auto-
self, own
dia-
complete, through
endo-
within
ex-, exo-
out, outside of, outward
hypo-
deficient, below, under, less than normal
in-
into, in
peri-
surrounding, around
pro-
before, forward
re-
back, backward, again
retro-
behind
sub-
below, under
trans-
across, through
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
intravenous
pertaining to within a vein
osteitis
inflammation of the bone
osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint
subhepatic
pertaining to under the liver
osteopathy
disease of the bone
arthropathy
disease of the joint
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
cell
fundamental unit of all living things
eukaryote
organism consisting of cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a nucleus
chromosome
rod-like structures within the nucleus
cytoplasm
gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
ribosomes
small round organelles whose function it is to make the proteins
karyotype
visual of chromosomes- organized profile of a person’s chromosomes
histologist
scientist who specializes in the study of tissue
viscera
internal organs in the main cavities of the body
thoracic cavity
contains pleural cavity, mediastinum, and heart (lungs and heart)
adip/o
fat
sacr/o
sacrum
trachea
windpipe
lateral
pertaining to the side
supine
lying on the back
laryngectomy
removal of the voice box
laryngitits
inflammation of the voice box
types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
cranial cavity
brain
abdominal cavity
stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver
pelvic cavity
portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum
spinal cavity
nerves of the spinal cord
right hypochondriac region
right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
left hypochondriac region
left upper region below the rib cartilage
epigastric region
region above the stomach
lumbar regions
right or left middle regions near the waist
umbilical region
region of the navel or umbilicus
inguinal regions (iliac regions)
left or right lower regions near the groin
hypogastric region
middle lower region below the umbilical region
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
contains liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
contains liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
cervical division of the back (C)
neck region; seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
thoracic division of the back (T)
chest region; 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12); each bone is joined to a rib
lumbar division of the back (L)
loin or flank region between the ribs and the hipbone; 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
sacral division of the back (S)
5 bones (S1-S5) are fused to form one bone, the sacrum
coccygeal
the coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of 4 fused pieces
disc
small pad within the space between vertebrae
spinal column
bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
spinal cord
nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
anterior (ventral)
front side of the body
posterior (dorsal)
back side of the body
deep
away from the surface
superficial
on the surface
proximal
near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
distal
far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
inferior
below another structure
superior
above another structure
medial
pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body
prone
lying on the belly
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
sagittal (lateral) plane
lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides
transverse (axial) plane
horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground
pleurodynia
pain in the chest wall muscles that is aggravated by breathing
-lysis
breakdown, destruction, separation
-megaly
enlargement
-ptosis
drooping, sagging, prolapse
psychoses
pleural of psychosis
ova
pleural of ovum
vertebrae
pleural of vertebra
bronchi
bronchus
spermatozoa
pleural of spermatozoon
apices
pleural of apex
tonsillitis
inflamed tonsils
tonsil
lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat
uvula
projection from the middle of the top of the soft palate
splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
blepharoptosis
drooping eyelids
arteriole
small artery (arteries carry blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the organs)
venule
small vein that carries oxygen poor blood
erythrocytes
red blood cells; made in bone marrow
-centesis
surgical procedure to remove fluid
tonsillitis
inflamed tonsils
leukocytes
white blood cells; lacks hemoglobin; defend body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials or producing antibodies
granulocytes
most numerous of WBCs, rid body of various infection, continuously produced from stem cells in bone marrow; enter bloodstream and circulates for a few hours after which they leave and die
basophils (type of granulocyte)
induce allergic inflammatory response
eosinophils (type of granulocyte)
destroy parasites, helps with inflammatory response
neutrophils (type of granulocyte)
one of the first cell types to arrive at site of infection where they engulf the infectious microorganisms and consumes it
thromb/o
clot
thrombocyte
platelets; prevent and control of bleeding
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of clotting cells
acromegaly
endocrine disorder marked by excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty
tracheotomy
incisions into the trachea typically done to open a blockage; may be performed to remove a foreign body or to obtain a biopsy specimen
tracheostomy
opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted
streptos-
group of twisted bacteria
staphylos-
berry shaped
streptococcus and staphylococcus
bacteria that grow in chains or clusters
-algia
pain
-cele
hernia
-coccus
berry-shaped bacterium
-dynia
pain
-genesis
condition of producing, forming
-graph
instrument for recording
-graphy
process of recording
-malacia
softening
-opsy
to view
-penia
deficiency
-phobia
fear
-plasia
development, formation, growth
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-sclerosis
hardening
-stasis
controlling, stopping
-stomy
opening to form a mouth
-therapy
treatment
-trophy
development, nourishment
-er
one who
-ia
condition
-oid
resembling
-ole, -ule
little, small
-um, -ium
structure, tissue
-us
structure, substance
adrenal glands
endocrine glands located above each kidney; secretes adrenaline
antibiotics
compound originally derived from a microorganism that destroys or inhibits the growth of another microorganism such as bacteria
antibodies
protein substance made by white blood cells, usually in response to the presence of foreign antigens
ectopic pregnancy
abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the abdominal cavity
dialysis
removing harmful waste products from the body with an artificial kidney machine
parathyroid glands
4 endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the thyroid gland
prolapse
to fall or slide forward, often used to describe an organ, such as a prolapsed uterus
syndrome
group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition
symbiosis
2 organisms from different species living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not
mutualism
for mutual benefit
symphysis
a joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage
Rh condition
an antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor (antigen) between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive); red blood cell incompatibility
recombinant DNA
taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism
exophthalmos
outward bulging of the eyeballs
metastasis
malignant tumor that has spread to a secondary location
metamorphosis
condition of change of shape or form
neonatal
the interval from birth to 28 days
malaise
general feeling of bodily discomfort
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
intercostal
between
supra-
above, upper
sub-
under
percutaneous
pertaining to through the skin
cutane/o
skin
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
age-associated prostate gland enlargement that can cause urination difficulty
a-, an-
no, not, without
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
ana-
up, apart
ante-
before, forward
anti-
against
bi-
two
brady-
slow
cata-
down
con-
with, together
contra-
against, opposite
de-
down, lack of
dia-
through, complete
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
ec-
out, outside
eu-
good, normal
ex-
out, outside
hemi-
half
in-
not, into, within
infra-
beneath, under
inter-
between
intra-
in, within, into
macro-
large
mal-
bad
meta-
beyond, change
micro-
small
neo-
new
pan-
all
para-
abnormal, beside, near
per-
through
peri-
surrounding
poly-
many, much
post-
after, behind
pre-
before, in front of
pro-
before, forward
pros-
before, forward
re-
back, again
retro-
behind, backward
syn-, sym-
together, with
tachy-
fast
trans-
across, through
ultra-
beyond, excess
uni-
one
amino acids
digestive enzymes breakdown proteins into:
rugae
irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering hard palate
uvula
fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate which hangs above the throat
pulp
lies underneath dentin; soft and delicate tissue that forms the center of the tooth; more sensitive has nerve endings
root canal
pulp canal
salivary glands
produce saliva which contains important digestive enzymes
pharynx
throat; muscular tube which air and food pass through into the esophagus
deglutition
swallowing
peristalsis
involuntary, progressive rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus that propels a bolus (mass of food) down toward the stomach
sphincters
rings of muscles that control the opening in and out of the stomach; prevent food from regurgitation
hydrochloric acid
digest protein and kill any bacteria remaining in food
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
amyl/o
starch
bil/i
gall, bile
lip/o
fat, liquid
anorexia
lack of appetite
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
choleithiasis
abnormal conditions of stones in the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
calculi
stones
stenosis
narrowing
cheilosis
disorder or condition of the lip
mastication
chewing
endoscope
device with light attached used to look inside body cavity or organ
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon
-ectasis
dilation, widening
-emesis
vomiting
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-ptysis
spitting
-rrhage, -rrhagia
bursting forth
-rrhapy
suture
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
-stasis
stopping, controlling
-stenosis
narrowing. tightening
-tresia
opening
