Exam 2 - Ch. 16

Question 1

• Begin in the PNS, travel to the spinal gate in the dorsal horn, and then ascend to higher centers in the CNS.
• Somatic pain • Visceralpain

Answer 1

Afferent pathways

Question 2

Are located in the brainstem, midbrain, diencephalon, and

cerebral cortex

Answer 2

Interpretive centers

Question 3

Descend from the CNS to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Answer 3

Efferent pathways

Question 4

The processing of pain

Answer 4

Nociception

Question 5

Transduction, transmission, perception, modulation

Answer 5

Phases of nociception

Question 6

begins when tissue is damaged by exposure to noxious (chemical, mechanical, or thermal) stimuli, and is converted to electrophysiologic activity.

Answer 6

Transduction

Question 7

conduction of pain impulses along the
A and C fibers into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and eventually to the reticular formation, hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system

Answer 7

Transmission

Question 8

is the conscious awareness of pain

a. Sensory-discriminating system
b. Affective-motivational system
c. Cognitive-evaluative system

Answer 8

Perception

Question 9

process of increasing or decreasing transmission of

pain signals throughout the nervous system

Answer 9

Modulation

Question 10

nociceptors

Stimulated by severe mechanical deformation, mechanical deformation, and/or temperature extremes.

Answer 10

1st order neurons

Question 11

transmission is fast → reflex withdrawal of affected body part from stimulus before pain sensation is perceived.

Answer 11

Myelinated A-delta fibers

Question 12

stimulated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors

Transmissionisslowerandconveysdull, aching, or burning sensations.

Answer 12

Unmyelinated C polymodal fibers

Question 13

large myelinated fibers that transmit touch and vibration sensations

Answer 13

A-beta fibers

Question 14

are interneurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal column

Answer 14

2nd-order neurons

Question 15

are afferent neurons in the spinothalamic tract

Carry information to reticular formation,
hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system to interpret pain location and intensity

Answer 15

3rd-order neurons

Question 16

Is the lowest intensity of pain that a person can recognize

Answer 16

Pain threshold

Question 17

Is the greatest intensity of pain that an individual can endure

Is very individualized

Answer 17

Pain tolerance

Question 18

Thermoregulation is controlled by this

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection
• Evaporation
• Vasodilation
• ↓ muscle tone
• ↑ pulmonary ventilation • Voluntary mechanisms • Heat adaptation

Answer 19

Heat Loss

Question 20

Vasoconstriction

Voluntary mechanisms

Answer 20

Heat Conservation

Question 21

Infants produce sufficient body heat (brown fat) but are unable to conserve the heat produced

Inability to shiver

Answer 21

Pediatric considerations temp regulation

Question 22

Slower circulation and vasoconstriction/vasodilator responses.

Answer 22

Aging considerations in temp regulations

Question 23

Fever is stimulated by this

Answer 23

Tumor necrosis factor-α