Exam 1 - Ch. 5 Flashcards
Ch. 5
increased rate of a disease among those exposed to a risk factor compared to the incidence rate of the disease among those not exposed
Relative Risk
Ch. 5 reverse
of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population.
Incidence rate
Ch. 5 reverse
The proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time
Prevalence rate
Ch. 5 reverse
Effects of multiple genes cause the variations in traits
Polygenic traits
Ch. 5 reverse
Environmental factors cause the variations in traits
Multifactorial traits
Ch. 5 reverse
Dividing population into two categories for a trait of disease
Liability distribution
Ch. 5 reverse
based on direct observation of data which is specific for each multifactorial disease
Empirical risks
Ch. 5 reverse
The family member who is affected by the disease
Proband
Ch. 5 reverse
Both members of a twin pair share a trait
Concordant trait
Ch. 5 reverse
A twin pair does not share a trait
Discordant
Ch. 5 reverse
Potential MI or stroke Risk if more affected relatives Affected relatives are female Age of onset is younger than 55 Lack of exercise Smoking Obesity
Coronary heart disease (CHD) and risks
Ch. 5 reverse
Is a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
Only 20-40% of BP variations are genetic
Strongly impacted by environmental factors
Sodium intake
Lack of exercise
Stress
Obesity
Hypertension and risks
Ch. 5 reverse
The 2nd leading cause of death in the US
Major ones occur in families
Tobacco use accounts for one third of all variations of this
Cancer
Ch. 5 reverse
Affects 12% of American women who live to 85
Risk doubles if a woman has a relative w this
Recurrence risk increases if age of onset is early and cancer is bilateral
Linked to chromosomes 13 (BRCA2) and 17 (BRCA1)
Breast Cancer
Ch. 5 reverse
Is 2nd only to lung cancer in # of annual deaths in US
Inherited adenomatous polyposis (APC) gene mutations play a vital role
Somatic mutations are involved
Colorectal cancer
Ch. 5 reverse
2nd most commonly diagnosed cancer in men
High fat diet is a risk factor
Polymorphisms are associated
Prostate cancer
Ch. 5 reverse
Two major types
Type 1&2
The leading cause of blindness, heart disease, and kidney failure
Diabetes mellitus
Ch. 5 reverse
Insulin dependent
Caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas
People affected need insulin for life
Incidence is higher in offspring of affected fathers
Association of specific human leukocyte antigen
MZ twins have higher risk than DZ
Type 1 diabetes
Ch. 5 reverse
Insulin resistant
Insulin productions is diminished
Risks include obesity and positive fam history
Exercise has a preventative effect
Genes TCF7L2 PPAR-y KCNJ11
Glucokinase gene
Type 2 diabetes
Ch. 5 reverse
A BMI greater than 30
Substantial risk factor for heart disease, stroke, cancer, and type 2 diabetes
Gene for leptin and it’s receptors are related
Obesity
Ch. 5 reverse
Results in progressive dementia and loss of memory
Risk doubles if a first degree relative is affected
Presenilin gene
Produces amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer disease
Ch. 5 reverse
Risk increases 3-5 times in the individual with an affected parent
Offspring w an affected parent when raised by a non affected parent have a fourfold increased risk
Alcoholism
Ch. 5 reverse
Recurrence risk among offspring of one affected parent is 10x > than the general population
If the individual has two affected parents the risk is 50%
Brain-expressed genes whose products interact w glutamate implicated
Schizophrenia
Ch. 5 reverse
Also called manic depressive disorder
60% of bipolar risk and 30% unipolar disorder (major depression) are due to genetics
Genes that effect serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline have been implicated
Bipolar affective disorder
Ch. 5 reverse
FALSE
Most diseases have both genetic and environmental aspects
T OR F: The assumption that a genetic component means the course of a disease cannot be altered
