Exam 1 - Ch. 5

Question 1

Ch. 5

increased rate of a disease among those exposed to a risk factor compared to the incidence rate of the disease among those not exposed

Answer 1

Relative Risk

Question 2

Ch. 5 reverse

of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population.

Answer 2

Incidence rate

Question 3

Ch. 5 reverse

The proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time

Answer 3

Prevalence rate

Question 4

Ch. 5 reverse

Effects of multiple genes cause the variations in traits

Answer 4

Polygenic traits

Question 5

Ch. 5 reverse

Environmental factors cause the variations in traits

Answer 5

Multifactorial traits

Question 6

Ch. 5 reverse

Dividing population into two categories for a trait of disease

Answer 6

Liability distribution

Question 7

Ch. 5 reverse

based on direct observation of data which is specific for each multifactorial disease

Answer 7

Empirical risks

Question 8

Ch. 5 reverse

The family member who is affected by the disease

Answer 8

Proband

Question 9

Ch. 5 reverse

Both members of a twin pair share a trait

Answer 9

Concordant trait

Question 10

Ch. 5 reverse

A twin pair does not share a trait

Answer 10

Discordant

Question 11

Ch. 5 reverse

Potential MI or stroke
Risk if more affected relatives
Affected relatives are female
Age of onset is younger than 55
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Obesity

Answer 11

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and risks

Question 12

Ch. 5 reverse

Is a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
Only 20-40% of BP variations are genetic
Strongly impacted by environmental factors
Sodium intake
Lack of exercise
Stress
Obesity

Answer 12

Hypertension and risks

Question 13

Ch. 5 reverse

The 2nd leading cause of death in the US
Major ones occur in families
Tobacco use accounts for one third of all variations of this

Answer 13

Cancer

Question 14

Ch. 5 reverse

Affects 12% of American women who live to 85
Risk doubles if a woman has a relative w this
Recurrence risk increases if age of onset is early and cancer is bilateral
Linked to chromosomes 13 (BRCA2) and 17 (BRCA1)

Answer 14

Breast Cancer

Question 15

Ch. 5 reverse

Is 2nd only to lung cancer in # of annual deaths in US
Inherited adenomatous polyposis (APC) gene mutations play a vital role
Somatic mutations are involved

Answer 15

Colorectal cancer

Question 16

Ch. 5 reverse

2nd most commonly diagnosed cancer in men
High fat diet is a risk factor
Polymorphisms are associated

Answer 16

Prostate cancer

Question 17

Ch. 5 reverse

Two major types
Type 1&2
The leading cause of blindness, heart disease, and kidney failure

Answer 17

Diabetes mellitus

Question 18

Ch. 5 reverse

Insulin dependent
Caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas
People affected need insulin for life
Incidence is higher in offspring of affected fathers
Association of specific human leukocyte antigen
MZ twins have higher risk than DZ

Answer 18

Type 1 diabetes

Question 19

Ch. 5 reverse

Insulin resistant
Insulin productions is diminished
Risks include obesity and positive fam history

Exercise has a preventative effect
Genes TCF7L2 PPAR-y KCNJ11
Glucokinase gene

Answer 19

Type 2 diabetes

Question 20

Ch. 5 reverse

A BMI greater than 30
Substantial risk factor for heart disease, stroke, cancer, and type 2 diabetes
Gene for leptin and it’s receptors are related

Answer 20

Obesity

Question 21

Ch. 5 reverse

Results in progressive dementia and loss of memory
Risk doubles if a first degree relative is affected
Presenilin gene
Produces amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 21

Alzheimer disease

Question 22

Ch. 5 reverse

Risk increases 3-5 times in the individual with an affected parent
Offspring w an affected parent when raised by a non affected parent have a fourfold increased risk

Answer 22

Alcoholism

Question 23

Ch. 5 reverse

Recurrence risk among offspring of one affected parent is 10x > than the general population
If the individual has two affected parents the risk is 50%
Brain-expressed genes whose products interact w glutamate implicated

Answer 23

Schizophrenia

Question 24

Ch. 5 reverse

Also called manic depressive disorder
60% of bipolar risk and 30% unipolar disorder (major depression) are due to genetics
Genes that effect serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline have been implicated

Answer 24

Bipolar affective disorder

Question 25

Ch. 5 reverse

FALSE

Most diseases have both genetic and environmental aspects

Answer 25

T OR F: The assumption that a genetic component means the course of a disease cannot be altered