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Pathophysiology SU BSN > Ch. 36 > Flashcards

Ch. 36 Flashcards

1
Q

Dyspnea

A

Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing

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2
Q

Orthopnea

A

Shortness of breath when lying down

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3
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit up or stand up

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4
Q

Acute cough

A

Explosive aspiration that Resolves within 2–3 weeks

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5
Q

Chronic cough

A

Explosive cough that lasts longer than 3 weeks

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6
Q

Abnormal sputum

A

Changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor

provide information about the progression of disease and the effectiveness of therapy.

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7
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood or bloody secretions

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8
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing pattern

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9
Q

Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea)

A

Slightly ↑ RR + very large tidal volume + no expiratory pause.

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10
Q

Labored breathing

A

Increased work of breathing

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11
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing;
apnea lasting 15–60 seconds, followed by ventilations that ↑ in volume until a peak is reached, after which ventilation ↓ again to apnea

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12
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation is < metabolic demands

Cause: alterations in pulmonary mechanics or in neurologic control of breathing.

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13
Q

Alveolar ventilation > metabolic demands

Cause: anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia.

A

Hyperventilation

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14
Q

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous

membranes

A

Cyanosis

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15
Q

Most often caused by poor circulation. • Best observed in the nail beds

A

Peripheral cyanosis

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16
Q

Caused by ↓ arterial oxygenation (low PaO2).

• Best observed in buccal mucous membranes and lips

A

Central cyanosis

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17
Q

Bulbous enlargement of the
distal segment of a digit.

 Causes: chronic hypoxemia
• Bronchiectasis
• cystic fibrosis
• pulmonary fibrosis • lung abscess
• CHD
A

Clubbing

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18
Q

Is the most common pain caused by pulmonary diseases.
• Is usually sharp or stabbing in character.
• Infection and inflammation of the parietal pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy) can cause pain when the pleurae stretch during inspiration

A

Pleural pain

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19
Q

May be from the airways.

• May be from muscle or rib pain.

A

Chest wall pain

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20
Q

↑ CO2 in the arterial blood
➢ Due to ↓ drive to breathe or an inadequate ability to
respond to ventilatory stimulation

A

Hypercapnia

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21
Q

a below normal level of oxygen in your blood specifically in the arteries

A

Hypoxemia

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22
Q

A dangerous condition that happens when your body doesn’t get enough oxygen

A

Hypoxia

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23
Q

➢ Inadequate gas exchange (hypoxemia).
➢ PaO2 is ≤50 mmHg.
➢ → Hypercapnia, during which PaCO2 is ≥50 mmHg. ➢ pH is ≤7.25

A

Acute respiratory failure (ARF)

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24
Q

Work of breathing ↑, and ventilation may be compromised

because of ↓ TV → hypoxemia, hypercapnia → AR

A

Chest wall restriction

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25
Q

The instability of a

portion of the chest wall from rib or sternal fractures.

A

Flail chest

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26
Q

Presence of air or gas in the pleural space→
• Separates pleural layers
• Destroys the negative pressure • Lung collapses

A

Pneumothorax

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27
Q

Occurs unexpectedly in healthy individuals. Mutation?

A

Primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax

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28
Q

Is caused by chest trauma, rupture of bleb/bulla (COPD), or

mechanical ventilation

A

Secondary (traumatic) pneumothorax

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29
Q

Transthoracic needle aspiration

A

Iatrogenic pneumothorax

30
Q

Air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure

Air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced back out during expiration.

A

Open Pneumothorax

31
Q

Site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve

Air enters on inspiration but not allowed to escape, by closing up during expiration

Life-threatening

A

Tension Pneumothorax

32
Q

Presence of fluid in the pleural space

A

Pleural effusion

33
Q

Is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries

A

Transudative effusion

34
Q

Is less watery and contains high concentrations of white blood cells and plasma proteins.

A

Exudative effusion

35
Q

Chyle exudate

A

Chylothorax

36
Q

Blood exudate

A

Hemothorax

37
Q

Pus

A

Pyothorax (Empyema)

38
Q

→ V̇/Q̇ mismatch
➢ Thicken alveolocapillary membrane→ Hypoxemia ➢ Dyspnea, ↑RR, ↓TV, ↓FVC

Aspiration
2. Atelectasis
3. Bronchiectasis
4. Bronchiolitis
5. pulmonaryfibrosis
pulmonaryedema
10. ARDS
A

Restrictive Lung Disorders

39
Q

Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs

• Right lower lobe is the most frequent site

A

Aspiration

40
Q

Collapse of lung tissue

A

Atelectasis

41
Q

External compression on the lung

Effusion, tumor

A

Compression atelectasis

42
Q

􏰁 Gradual absorption of air from obstructed or hypoventilated alveoli.
􏰁 Inhalation of concentrated O2
􏰁 Anesthesia

A

Absorptionatelectasis

43
Q

􏰁 ↓ production or inactivation of surfactant

Preterm, ARDS, anesthesia, ventilator

A

Surfactant impairment

44
Q

Persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi

1. Cylindrical 2. Saccular 3. Varicose

A

Bronchiectasis

45
Q

Diffuse inflammation of small bronchioles
➢ Most common in children
➢ Occurs in adults with chronic bronchitis or those with a viral infection or who have inhaled toxic gases

A

Bronchiolitis

46
Q

➢ Fibrotic disease of the airways

➢ Can occur with all causes of bronchiolitis.

A

Bronchiolitis obliterans

47
Q

➢ ↑↑ amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung ➢ Caused by scar tissue, due to TB, autoimmune,..
➢ inhalation of dangerous substances
➢ Loss of compliance
➢ Poor prognosis

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

48
Q

➢Men > 60
➢ 2-5 year survival
➢ environmental insults and genetic, epigenetic, and
metabolic factors

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

49
Q

➢ Excess water in the lung from disturbances of capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary oncotic pressure, or capillary permeability
➢ Most common cause: LVF

A

Pulmonary edema

50
Q

➢ Forms of respiratory failure characterized by:
• Acute lung inflammation
• Diffuse alveolocapillary injury

A

Acute lung injury (ALI) / ARDS

51
Q
  1. Aspiration of vomit 2. Toxic gas inhalation 3. Pneumonia
A

Direct causes of ARDS

52
Q
  1. Sepsis
  2. Trauma
  3. Multiple transfusions
  4. Noncardiogenicpulmonaryedema→shunting,V/̇Q̇ mismatch, ↓ lung compliance, and hypoxemia
A

Indirect causes of ARDS

53
Q

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa leading to:
➢ Bronchial hyperresponsiveness ➢ Constriction of the airways
➢ Variable airflow obstruction

A

Asthma

54
Q

Episodic attacks of:

  1. Bronchospasm
  2. Bronchial inflammation
  3. Mucosal edema
  4. ↑ mucous production
A

Pathophysiology of asthma

55
Q

a condition involving constriction of the airways and difficulty or discomfort in breathing

Airflow limitation
􏰀 Not fully reversible 􏰀 Usually progressive
1. Chronic bronchitis 2. Emphysema

A

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

56
Q

􏰀 Infection or inflammation of the large airways or bronchi; self-limiting
􏰀 Caused by viruses

A

Chronic Bronchitis

57
Q

Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways + destruction of the alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis

A

Emphysema

58
Q

Septal destruction occurs in
the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts,
􏰀 Usually in the upper lobes.
􏰀 Alveolar sac remains intact.
􏰀 Tends to occur in smokers with chronic bronchitis.

A

Centriacinar (Centrilobular) emphysema

59
Q

Involves the entire acinus
Damage is more randomly distributed.
Involves lower lobes of the lung

A

Panacinar (Panlobular) emphysema

60
Q
  1. Aspiration
  2. Inhalation
  3. Endotracheal tubes and suctioning
  4. Bacteremia in lungs
  5. Respiratory defenses can’t destroy the microorganism
A

Pneumonia Routes of infection

61
Q

Infection of the lungs caused by a virus

Most common is influenza

A

Viral pneumonia

62
Q

Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus

A

Tuberculosis

63
Q

➢ Airborne droplet transmission
➢ Tubercle formation: Granulomatous lesion
➢ Caseous necrosis: Cheeselike material
➢ May remain dormant for life or cause active disease
➢ Isolation of bacilli by enclosing them in tubercles and
surrounding the tubercles with scar tissue

A

Pathophysiology if tuberculosis

64
Q

death and decay) of consolidated tissue: abscess empties into the bronchus, leaving a cavity

A

Necrosis

65
Q

Process of abscess emptying and cavity formation

A

Cavitation

66
Q

➢ Is the occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids, foreign body, amniotic fluid, or air bubble.
➢ Pulmonary emboli commonly arise from the deep veins in the thigh

A

Pulmonary embolism, PE

67
Q
  • Venous stasis
  • Hypercoagulability
  • Injuries to the endothelial cells that line the vessels
A

Virchow triad

68
Q
  • Release of neurohumoral substances
  • Widespread vasoconstriction
  • Atelectasis of the affected lung segments, further contributing to hypoxemia
  • Pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension, shock, and even death
A

Pathophysiology of a pulmonary embolism

69
Q

➢ Mean PA pressure > 25 mmHg at rest

➢ Idiopathic, familial, or associated

A

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PHT)

70
Q

A condition that causes the right side of the heart to fail

􏰀 Secondary to PHT
􏰀 RV enlargement
􏰀 PHT → chronic pressure overload in RV

A

Cor Pulmonale

Pathophysiology SU BSN (8 decks)

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