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Path 2 > Exam 2 Cardio 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Cardio 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the gross and microscopic lesions of atherosclerosis
What are the common spp affected
What is the associated dz in dogs

A
  • accumulation of lipid, macrophages, fibrous tissue in vessel wall, grossly see thickened blood vessels
  • common in humans, uncommon in vet med but pig, rabbit, chicken are susceptible
  • assoc with hypercholesterolemia in dogs due to hypoparathyroidism
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2
Q

What are the 3 main causes of arterial calcification

A

Vitamin D toxicity
Johne’s dz
renal failure

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3
Q

What is an aneurysm and what are 2 underlying causes

A
  • local dilation of a weakened artery

- copper deficiency, parasite migration

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary mechanisms that contribute to thrombosis and an example of each

A
  • hypercoagulability, hyperadremocorticism (Cushing’s dz)
  • abnormal blood flow, cardiomyopathy
  • endothelial injury, parasites
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5
Q

What are the common infectious causes of vasculitis

What are the associated lesions

A 
-Viral: Equine viral arteritis—EAV
Feline infectious peritonitis—FIP
-Bacterial: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Diamond skin disease) Septicemia->vasculitis->cutaneous infarcts 
Histophilus somni—TME
Salmonellosis
- Fungal: Aspergillosis
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6
Q

What are the common parasitic causes of vasculitis

What are the associated lesions

A
  • Strongylus vulgaris—horses, mesenteric artery
    Horses, cranial mesenteric artery
    Migrating larvae causes arteritis
    Sequel: ischemic necrosis, colic
  • Dirofilaria immitus—dogs, pulmonary artery
    Dogs, very uncommon in cats
    Pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle
    Sequel: endarteritis, pulmonary hypertension
  • Spirocerca lupi—dogs, aorta
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7
Q

What are the common immune-mediated causes of vasculitis

What are the associated lesions

A
  • systemic lupus erythematosus- dogs
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8
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of portosystemic shunts and how this relates to neurological disease

A
  • Anomalous development of vessels that bypass the liver (congenital lestion)
    Persistent ductus venosus—most common
    Intrahepatic shunt
    Portal vein->caudal vena cava
  • Ammonia from GI tract bypasses liver
    Hyperammonemia leads to Hepatic encephalopathy b/c ammonia is toxic to the brain
    Sequela: small liver-microhepatica
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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of omphalophlebitis in neonates and are the related lesions in other organs

A
  • Inflammation of umbilical vein (aka “navel ill”)
  • Bacterial contamination following parturition
    Septic omphalophlebitis
    Septicemia: Hepatic abscesses, Suppurative polyarthritis
  • causes abscess formation in other organs
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10
Q

What is lymphangiectasis and what causes it

A
  • dilation of lymph vessels

- congenital anomaly, obstruction of lymph drainage, intestinal lymphagiectasis (dogs with protein losing enteropathy)

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11
Q

What is cylothorax and what causes it

A
  • accumulation of lymph in the thorax

- leakage or rupture of the thoracic duct due to trauma or idiopathic

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12
Q

What is lymphagitis and what causes it

A
  • inflammation of lymphatic vessels, “chains” of inflammatory foci
  • Johne’s dz (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), ulcerative lymphangitis (Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis)
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13
Q

What are the three main tumors of vascular origin and their biological behavior

A
  • hemangioma, benign tumor of vascular endothelium, typically cutaneous lesions in dogs
  • hemangiosarcoma, malignant tumor of vascular endothelium (can cause hemopericardium when located at right atrium of heart)
  • hemangiopericytoma, canine soft tissue sarcoma (common in legs), locally invasive but don’t usually metastasize
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14
Q

What is cardiomyopathy

A

Generalized myocardial disease/dysfunction of unknown cause

Absence of: Coronary artery disease, Vascular anomalies, Systemic hypertension, Vascular shunts

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15
Q

What are the 3 morphological types of cardiomyopathy and the spp most commonly affected

A

Hypertrophic- cats
Dilated- dogs, can occur in cats
Restrictive- cats

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16
Q

What are the gross lesions, hemodynamic consequences, and secondary lesions associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • cardiomegaly (thick left ventricular wall and intervenrticular septum)
  • turbulent flow
  • thrombi in atrium and saddle
17
Q

What are the gross lesions, hemodynamic consequences, and secondary lesions associated with dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • cardiomegaly, dilation of all chambers with thin ventricular walls
    ?
  • ?
18
Q

What is the typical cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, cats

A
  • familial defect

- taurine deficiency

19
Q

What are the 2 forms of restrictive cardiomyopathy, hemodynamic consequences, secondary lesions

A
  • diffuse ventricular endocardial fibrosis, excessive moderator bands in left ventricle
  • impaired ventricular filling (usually left sided)
  • atrial dilation
20
Q

What are the characteristic lesions of arrythmigenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), typical clinical signs, and the underlying cause

A
  • right ventricular myocardium is replaced by adipose of fibrofatty tissue
  • sudden death (most common), ventricular arrhythmia, syncope
  • heritable autosomal dominant trait in boxers
21
Q

List and explain the pathogenesis of at least two causes of myocarditis

A
  • hematogenous infection due to vegetative valvular endocarditis, most commonly mitral valve, leads to multifocal white pinpoint regions, septic infarcts can occur concurrently
  • hemorrhagic myocarditis caused by Clostridium chauvei
22
Q

What are the 3 neoplasms affecting the heart

A

hemangiosarcoma
lymphoma
heart base tumors (chemodectoma/aortic body)

23
Q

What is the characteristic location(s) of hemangiosarcoma and explain the functional consequences (ie. what are the sequela to each neoplasm)

A
  • right atrium, common in dogs

- it can rupture resulting in hemopericardium which can lead to cardiac tamponade

24
Q

What is the characteristic location(s) of lymphoma and explain the functional consequences (ie. what are the sequela to each neoplasm)

A
  • being in the heart is actually a secondary location

- ???? cardiac tamponade

25
Q

What is the characteristic location(s) of heart base tumors (Chemodectoma) and explain the functional consequences (ie. what are the sequela to each neoplasm)

A
  • on or around the base of the heart, NOT in the heart muscle (of brachycephalic dogs)
  • though it is usually benign, it can compress atria, pulmonary artery, and aorta

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