Exam 2 Cardio 3 and 4 Flashcards
Describe the gross and microscopic lesions of atherosclerosis
What are the common spp affected
What is the associated dz in dogs
- accumulation of lipid, macrophages, fibrous tissue in vessel wall, grossly see thickened blood vessels
- common in humans, uncommon in vet med but pig, rabbit, chicken are susceptible
- assoc with hypercholesterolemia in dogs due to hypoparathyroidism
What are the 3 main causes of arterial calcification
Vitamin D toxicity
Johne’s dz
renal failure
What is an aneurysm and what are 2 underlying causes
- local dilation of a weakened artery
- copper deficiency, parasite migration
What are the 3 primary mechanisms that contribute to thrombosis and an example of each
- hypercoagulability, hyperadremocorticism (Cushing’s dz)
- abnormal blood flow, cardiomyopathy
- endothelial injury, parasites
What are the common infectious causes of vasculitis
What are the associated lesions
-Viral: Equine viral arteritis—EAV Feline infectious peritonitis—FIP -Bacterial: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Diamond skin disease) Septicemia->vasculitis->cutaneous infarcts Histophilus somni—TME Salmonellosis - Fungal: Aspergillosis
What are the common parasitic causes of vasculitis
What are the associated lesions
- Strongylus vulgaris—horses, mesenteric artery
Horses, cranial mesenteric artery
Migrating larvae causes arteritis
Sequel: ischemic necrosis, colic - Dirofilaria immitus—dogs, pulmonary artery
Dogs, very uncommon in cats
Pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle
Sequel: endarteritis, pulmonary hypertension - Spirocerca lupi—dogs, aorta
What are the common immune-mediated causes of vasculitis
What are the associated lesions
- systemic lupus erythematosus- dogs
Explain the pathophysiology of portosystemic shunts and how this relates to neurological disease
- Anomalous development of vessels that bypass the liver (congenital lestion)
Persistent ductus venosus—most common
Intrahepatic shunt
Portal vein->caudal vena cava - Ammonia from GI tract bypasses liver
Hyperammonemia leads to Hepatic encephalopathy b/c ammonia is toxic to the brain
Sequela: small liver-microhepatica
What is the pathogenesis of omphalophlebitis in neonates and are the related lesions in other organs
- Inflammation of umbilical vein (aka “navel ill”)
- Bacterial contamination following parturition
Septic omphalophlebitis
Septicemia: Hepatic abscesses, Suppurative polyarthritis - causes abscess formation in other organs
What is lymphangiectasis and what causes it
- dilation of lymph vessels
- congenital anomaly, obstruction of lymph drainage, intestinal lymphagiectasis (dogs with protein losing enteropathy)
What is cylothorax and what causes it
- accumulation of lymph in the thorax
- leakage or rupture of the thoracic duct due to trauma or idiopathic
What is lymphagitis and what causes it
- inflammation of lymphatic vessels, “chains” of inflammatory foci
- Johne’s dz (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), ulcerative lymphangitis (Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis)
What are the three main tumors of vascular origin and their biological behavior
- hemangioma, benign tumor of vascular endothelium, typically cutaneous lesions in dogs
- hemangiosarcoma, malignant tumor of vascular endothelium (can cause hemopericardium when located at right atrium of heart)
- hemangiopericytoma, canine soft tissue sarcoma (common in legs), locally invasive but don’t usually metastasize
What is cardiomyopathy
Generalized myocardial disease/dysfunction of unknown cause
Absence of: Coronary artery disease, Vascular anomalies, Systemic hypertension, Vascular shunts
What are the 3 morphological types of cardiomyopathy and the spp most commonly affected
Hypertrophic- cats
Dilated- dogs, can occur in cats
Restrictive- cats
What are the gross lesions, hemodynamic consequences, and secondary lesions associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- cardiomegaly (thick left ventricular wall and intervenrticular septum)
- turbulent flow
- thrombi in atrium and saddle
What are the gross lesions, hemodynamic consequences, and secondary lesions associated with dilated cardiomyopathy
- cardiomegaly, dilation of all chambers with thin ventricular walls
? - ?
What is the typical cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, cats
- familial defect
- taurine deficiency
What are the 2 forms of restrictive cardiomyopathy, hemodynamic consequences, secondary lesions
- diffuse ventricular endocardial fibrosis, excessive moderator bands in left ventricle
- impaired ventricular filling (usually left sided)
- atrial dilation
What are the characteristic lesions of arrythmigenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), typical clinical signs, and the underlying cause
- right ventricular myocardium is replaced by adipose of fibrofatty tissue
- sudden death (most common), ventricular arrhythmia, syncope
- heritable autosomal dominant trait in boxers
List and explain the pathogenesis of at least two causes of myocarditis
- hematogenous infection due to vegetative valvular endocarditis, most commonly mitral valve, leads to multifocal white pinpoint regions, septic infarcts can occur concurrently
- hemorrhagic myocarditis caused by Clostridium chauvei
What are the 3 neoplasms affecting the heart
hemangiosarcoma
lymphoma
heart base tumors (chemodectoma/aortic body)
What is the characteristic location(s) of hemangiosarcoma and explain the functional consequences (ie. what are the sequela to each neoplasm)
- right atrium, common in dogs
- it can rupture resulting in hemopericardium which can lead to cardiac tamponade
What is the characteristic location(s) of lymphoma and explain the functional consequences (ie. what are the sequela to each neoplasm)
- being in the heart is actually a secondary location
- ???? cardiac tamponade
What is the characteristic location(s) of heart base tumors (Chemodectoma) and explain the functional consequences (ie. what are the sequela to each neoplasm)
- on or around the base of the heart, NOT in the heart muscle (of brachycephalic dogs)
- though it is usually benign, it can compress atria, pulmonary artery, and aorta
