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Path 2 > Exam 1, hemolymphatic > Flashcards

Exam 1, hemolymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 causes for small lymph nodes

A 
developmental disorders
lack of antigenic stimulation
cachexia/malnutrition
aging/senile atrophy
viral infections (active destruction)
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2
Q

Developmental disorders

A

immunodeficiency syndromes…. SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

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3
Q

Lack of antigenic stimulation

A

specific pathogen-free animals (even lack normal flora), since there are no pathogens the lymph nodes don’t develop

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4
Q

Cachexia/malnutrition

A

mainly decreases production of T lymphocytes

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5
Q

Aging/senile atrophy

A

generalized depression of immune system leads to loss of lymphocytes which leads to lymph node atrophy

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6
Q

Viral infections

A
  • active destruction of lymphoid tissue
  • BVDV–> necrosis of peyer’s patches
  • canine distemper virus
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7
Q

What are the 3 main processes of lymphadenopathy

A
  • lymphoid hyperplasia
  • lymphadenitis
  • neoplasia
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8
Q

Lymphoid hyperplasia morphology

A
  • mottled appearance on cut surface
  • retention of cortical and medullary architecture
  • usually painful on palpation
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9
Q

Lymphadenitis morphology

A
  • typically regional lymph node drainage
  • suppurative
  • caseous
  • granulomatous
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10
Q

Neoplasia morphology

A
  • homogeneous white/tan cut surface
  • loss of normal architecture
  • non-painful on palpation
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11
Q

Local vs Generalized lymphadenopathy and a Ddx for each

A

Local: draining regional area of inflammation- Streptococcus equi (strangles)
Generalized: systemic inflammatory disease/infection- lymphoma

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12
Q

What are the main causes of lymphadenitis and the type of inflammation associated with each

A
  • Streptococcus- suppurative
  • Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis- caseous
  • Histoplasma capsulatum, Leishmania, Mycobacterium- granulomatous
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13
Q

Pathogenesis of Streptococcus equi

A

bacteria colonizes nasal mucosa –> mucopurulent rhinitis –> lymphadenitis –> swell –> abcess –> possible complications including bastard strangle

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of Corynebactrium pseudotuberculosis

A

bacteria enter skin via wound –> drain to regional lymph nodes and form abscess –> fibrous capsule encloses abscess –> repeated cycles (lamination) –> caseous lymphadenitis

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15
Q

Features that diff lymphoma from hyperplasia and lymphadenitis

A
  • lymphoma arises from tissue outside the bone marrow
  • there is no retention of normal architecture
  • lymphadenitis is regional while lymphoma is generalized/systemic
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16
Q

What is the viral cause of lymphoma in

  • cats
  • cattle
A
  • FeLV

- bovine leukemia virus

17
Q

How does lymphoma cause hypercalcemia in dogs

A

neoplastic lymphocytes secrete PTHrP (parathyroid hormone related peptide), it causes the release of Ca from it’s stores thus increasing serum levels

18
Q

What is the significance of siderotic plaques in the spleen

A
  • these are incidental findings
  • common in older dogs
  • healing of previous subcapsular hemorrhage
19
Q

What are the characteristic features of splenic torsion

A
  • usually occurs on the gastrosplenic axis
  • usually in combination with gastric torsion in deep-chested dogs b/c of the gastrosplenic ligament’s length and looseness
  • congestion and infarction
  • in dogs and pigs
20
Q

Pathogenesis of splenic torsion

A
  • gastrosplenic ligament leads to torsion of the stomach as well as the spleen
  • venous outflow is more impaired than arterial supply (blood can get in but it can’t get out) –> congestion –> infarction and/or rupture
21
Q

What are 2 causes of splenic infarction

A
  • thromboembolism

- systemic bacterial/viral infection

22
Q

Acute vs Chronic splenic infartction

A
  • acute- may have section of normal looking spleen with large, congested looking sections of spleen
  • chronic- is usually subcapsular
23
Q

What are the 4 general mechanisms that cause small spleens

A
  • developmental disorders
  • cachexia/malnutrition
  • aging/senile atrophy
  • splenic contraction
24
Q

What are the 2 general mechnisms that produce uniform splenomegaly

A

Congestion

Cellular infiltration

25
Q

Splenic congestion, 2 Ddx

A
  • barbiturates (anesthesia, sedation, euthanasia)

- acute septicemia (Bacillus anthracis)

26
Q

Splenic cellular infiltration, 2 Ddx

A
  • macrophage hyperplasia (hemolytic anemia)

- neoplasia (lymphoma or leukemia)

27
Q

What are the top 3 Ddx for splenic nodules in dogs
How do you distinguish them
What is the prognosis

A
  • Nodular hyperplasia- histology b/c it can look like neoplasia- benign
  • Hematoma- differentiate from hemangiosarcoma via histology, should only be blood- benign
  • Hemangiosarcoma- look at junction b/t normal spleen and bad looking areas, will see more than blood- MALIGNANT, poor prognosis
28
Q

What is the most common splenic neoplasm in the cat

A

mast cell tumor

29
Q

What spp have hemal nodes and what is the significance

A

Ruminants

- normal finding, look like lymph nodes but sinuses are blood filled, no lymphocytes

30
Q

What causes equine combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

A

it is an autosomal recessive mutation in (often Arabian) foals that results in a failure of T and B cell production in the thymus

31
Q

What are the resulting gross lesions in the thymus for SCID?

In other secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • thymic hypoplasia

- small lymph nodes and spleen

32
Q

What are the general causes of thymic atrophy

A
  • infectious agents, esp. viruses
  • toxins
  • chemotherapeutic drugs
  • ionizing radiation
  • malnutrition/cachexia
  • aging
33
Q

What are the 2 most common neoplasms of the thymus

A
  • thymoma (benign, space occupying, in dogs is assoc with myasthenia gravis, megaesophagus)
  • thymic lymphoma (space occupying in mediastinum, t-cell lymphoma, cats and cattle)
34
Q

Extravascular hemolytic anemia

A
  • RBCs are phagocytosed by macrophages, primarily in the spleen
  • senescent/damaged RBCs
  • binding of Ig (mechanism for IMHA)
35
Q

Intravascular hemolytic anemia

A
  • RBC contents released into blood
  • hemoglobinemia
  • hemoglobinuria
36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of IMHA

How does it result in diffuse splenomegaly

A
  • Ig binds to RBC surface antigen
  • RBC phagocytosed by splenic macrophages
  • proliferation of splenic macrophages
  • diffusely enlarged, meaty spleen
  • mostly in dogs
37
Q

What is the pathogenesis of neonatal isoerythrolysis

What spp is most commonly affected

A
  • foal inherits blood type from sire that is incompatible with mare
  • mare is sensitized to foal RBC antigens in utero
  • foal ingests anti-RBC antibodies in colostrum
  • hemolysis, icterus, hemoglobinuria, splenomegaly
  • horse
38
Q

What is the cause of anemia in Equine Infectious Anemia

A

equine infectious anemia virus (lentivirus) is transmitted by arthropods, more common in marshy areas
(use Coggins test to test for it)

39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Equine Infectious Anemia

A
  • anti-viral antibodies fix compliment on RBC membrane and virus
  • opsonization
  • phagocytosis by macrophages (extravascular hemolysis)
  • IMHA

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