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Path 2 > Exam 1, lungs > Flashcards

Exam 1, lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Which spp have septated lungs

A

Cattle, sheep, pigs

no collateral ventilation

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2
Q

Which spp have non-septated lungs

A

Dogs, cats, rodents, humans

collateral ventilation

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3
Q

Which spp have partial septation

A

Horses

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4
Q

What are the 4 primary respiratory defense mechanisms

A

Particle Deposition- air turbulence; warm, humid nasal turbinate area…these enhance particle deposition; also, the smaller the particle the farther it can travel in the nasal cavity
Mucociliary Escalator- moves particulate matter out of nansal cavity and out of lungs
Alveolar Macrophages
Inflammation and Pulmonary immune response

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5
Q

What are 2 causes of UNILATERAL nasal discharge

A

Infection/inflammation

Neoplasia

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6
Q

Pulmonary congestion in dead animals

A

Hypostatic congestion- gravitational settling of blood postmortem

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7
Q

Causes of pulmonary congestion in living animals

A
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (left sided heart failure)
  • endocarditits of the mitral valve
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8
Q

Causes of pulmonary edema

A
  • increased permeability (epithelial injury, endothelial injury)
  • decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  • lymphatic obstruction
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9
Q

Congenital anomalies of the nasal cavity

A 
Choanal atresia
Cleft palate (aka palatoschisis)
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10
Q

Choanal atresia

A
  • can be unilateral or bilateral
  • communication b/t nasal cavity and nasopharynx fails to form*
  • air flow obstruction/exercise intolerance
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11
Q

Cleft palate (palitoschisis)

A
  • genetic is the most common cause
  • viral infection such as BVDV
  • toxic from too much vit a or lupine consumption
  • sequela- predisposition to aspiration pneumonia; difficulty nursing
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12
Q

Pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs

A
  • Bordatella infection promotes nasal colonization by Pasturella
  • toxigenic strains of Pasturella produce cytotoxins which inhibit osteoblasts and promote osteoclast resorption in nasal bones
  • abnormal bone remodeling results in atrophy of conchae
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13
Q

Pathogenesis of strangles

A

Streptococcus equi colonizes nasal mucosa-> mucopurulent rhinitis-> lymphadenitis in LNs (submandimular and retropharyngeal)-> swelling-> abcessation-> creamy yellow/white pus-> possible complication (20%)-> “metastatic abcesses”-> lungs, kidneys, mesenteric LNs, joints, guttural pouches, brain, external auditory canal = “bastatd strangles”

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14
Q

Pulmonary embolisms are _____ common than thrombosis

A

more

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15
Q

Pulmonary thrombosis can be cause secondary to

A
  • parasites (heartworms in pulmonary artery)
  • endothelial damage (endotoxemia)
  • hypercoagulation disorders (from disease or drug)
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16
Q

Consequences of pulmonary thrombi or emboli

A

lung infarcts, though less frequently than other parts of body b/c of dual blood supply
pre-existing lung disease can increase incidence

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17
Q

What is atelectasis

A

too little air in the lung; can be acquired or congenital

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of atelectasis

A

acquired obstructive, most commonly caused by inflammatory exudate obstructing bronchioles

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19
Q

Pathogenesis of obstructive atelectasis

A

air distal to obstructed bronchiole is resorbed, especially in animals with poor ventilation (spetated lungs- cattle, pigs, sheep)

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20
Q

Which spp are predisposed to interstitial emphysema and why

A

Primarily cattle, but any spp with septated lungs
- forced expiration causes bronchiolar collapse-> air trapped distally in alveoli-> no collateral ventilation-> air filled alveoli rupture and air leaks into interlobular space/septae

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21
Q

What are the risk factors of equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)

A
  • horse is usually around 3-8 yrs old

- housed in a dusty barn (organic dust exposure)

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22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of equine recurrent airway obstruction

A

organic dust exposure-> mucoid bronchioitis-> mucopurulent bronchiolitis-> bronchopneumonia-> chronic pneumonia with bronchiectasis (dilation), called “heaves” (the chronic pneumonia may be caused by a secondary viral or bacterial infection)

23
Q

What are the 3 morphological patterns of pneumonia

A
  • Bronchopneumonia- inflammatory exudate primarily located in bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal air spaces (alveoli)
  • Interstitial- inflammatory exudate primarily located in the interstitium of alveolar septae
  • Granulamatous- chronic pneumonia characteristically composed of epitheliod macrophages and/or multinucleated giant cells plus other inflammatory cells
24
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of suppurative bronchopneumonia

A

gross- “checkerboard”, normal lobules, mild to severly inflammed lobules, atelectatic lobules
microscopic- neutrophils, cell debris (purulent, pus)

25
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of fibrinous bronchopneumonia

A

gross- majority of lobules in lobe are severely inflammed, fibrin within airspaces, interlobular septae, and on plueral surface
microscopic- fibrin is a primary component of inflammatory exudate

26
Q

Pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia

A
  • bacteria deposited at junction of terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts (no mucociliary escalator and marked change in air velocity)
  • inflammation begins at these sites and spreas down into alveoli and retrograde up bronchial tree into other lobules
27
Q

Etiology of suppurative bronchopneumonia

A

Stress -> virus -> bacteria

bacteria include Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma

28
Q

Etiology of fibrinous bronchopneumonia

A

Stress -> virus -> bacteria
bacteria include Mannheimia haemolytica (cattle- shipping fever), A. pleuropneumonia (pigs), Pasturella multocida (chickens)

29
Q 
Shipping fever of calves
Lesion
Cause
Age group
Clinical signs
A
  • severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis
  • Mannheimia hemolytica
  • in calves several days/weeks after shipping
  • high morbidity, low mortality, decreased weight gain, residual chronic pneumonia, called chronic lungers
30
Q 
Enzootic pnemonia of calves
Lesion
Cause
Age group
Clinical signs
A
  • suppurative bronchopneumonia (lobular)
  • multifactoral but most commonly Pasteurella multocida
  • calves 2-6 m old, intensive housing with poor ventilation
  • less severe than fibrinous, high morbidity, low mortality, poor weight gain
31
Q

Enzootic bronchopneumonia in pigs
Lesion
Cause
2 syndromes

A
  • suppurative bronchopneumonia, early- dark red lungs, late- pale gray (fish flesh)
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • new infection in clean herd-> disease in all age groups; chronically infected herd-> disease in growing pigs at times of stress (weaning)
32
Q 
Porcine pleuropneumonia
Lesion
Cause
Age group
Clinical signs
A
  • severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia, often CAUDODORSAL distribution
  • Actinobacillus pleuropnemoniae
  • growing and finishing pigs (8-24 wks)
  • peracute- sudden death, bloody froth in nostrils/mouth; acute- dyspnea, coughing, fever, anorexia, lethargy; chronic- persistent cough, decreased growth rate
33
Q

Rhodococcus pneumonia
Cause
Age group
Two forms

A
  • Rhodococcus equi
  • young foals (2-6 m) or immunosuppressed adults
  • Pyogranulomatous pneumonia-> Acute: rapid death, Chronic: depression, cough, weight loss
  • Ulcerative enterocolitis, pathogenesis debated
34
Q

Pathogenesis of Rhodococcus pneumonia

A

Rhodococcus equi inhalation-> phagocytosis by alveolar macrophage-> defective bacterial killing-> macrophage destruction-> release of lysozomal enzymes and bacterial toxins-> pulmonary necrosis-> pyogranuloma formation

35
Q 
Pleuropneumonia in horses
Cause
Age group
Clinical Signs
Lesions
A
  • mixed bacteria
  • typically horses 2-4 yrs old
  • fever, anorexia, cough, dyspnea
  • craniaventral pneumonia extending through pluera (often unilateral), marked fibrinous or purulent pleuritis
36
Q

Pleuropneumonia in horses

risk factors and pathogenesis

A

recent transportation (head tied up), general anesthesia, other stressful events-> these lead to aspiration of mucus/debris or gastric contents-> focal pneumonia-> severe pleuropneumonia

37
Q

What are 2 bacterial causes of pneumonia in dogs

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica (most common)

- Streptococcus zooepidemicus

38
Q 
Mycotic pneumonia (blastomycosis) in dogs
Cause
Group affected
Clinical signs
Lesion
Ddx
A
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • 2-5 yr old large breed male dogs, Mississippi and Ohio River basins, Central Atlantic states
  • cough, dyspnea, weight loss, exercise intolerance
  • granulomatous pneumonia
  • metastatic neoplasia
39
Q

What is the most common cause of mycotic pneumonia in cats

A

Cryptococcus neoformans, often secondary to immunosuppression (viral infection)

40
Q

What are 2 viral causes of rhinitis in cats and why are these predisposing factors to bronchopneumonia

A
  • herpes virus I
  • Calici virus
  • they cause immunosuppression
41
Q

Name a primary cause of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

A

Aspiration of gastric contents

lung trauma, toxic gases, viral infections, gram - septicemia

42
Q

Name a secondary cause of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

A

Pancreatitis

massive tissue trauma

43
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

A

initiating event –> neutrophil and macrophage activation –> secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by activated cells –> imbalance of these antagonistic cytokines leads to cellular injury –> capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage –> interstitial pneumonia

44
Q

What is the pathogenesis of toxin-induced interstitial pneumonia in cattle

A
  • eat moldy sweet potatoes which produces a metabolite that is transported to the lungs in blood
  • in the lungs it is converted to a toxic metabolite by Clara cells and Type II cells cause destruction to those cells
45
Q

What are the lesions associated with Canine Distemper Virus Interstitial Pneumonia

A
  • focal to multifocal interstitial pneumonia
  • secondary bacterial infections often cause suppurative bronchopneumonia which obscures the initial interstitial pneumonia
46
Q

What is the hallmark cytological feature of canine distemper virus

A

Epitheial intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions

47
Q

What is the cause of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

A

Lentivirus infection at birth (non-oncogenic retrovirus)

48
Q

What is the lesion of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

A

chronic interstitial pneumonia (diffusely firm)

49
Q

What are the 2 most common primary lung tumors

A

bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma

bronchogenic carcinoma

50
Q

Name 2 metastatic lung tumors

A

bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma

metastatic hemangiosarcoma

51
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of chronic pleuritis in dogs and cats

A

Nocardia

Actinomyces

52
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of fibrinous pleuritis in pigs

A

Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s disease)
Streptococcus suis
Mycoplasma hyorhinus

53
Q

Name one neoplasm that affects the pleura

A

mesothelioma

54
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

chronically inflamed dilated bronchus

Path 2 (5 decks)

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