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Path 2 > Exam 2 Cardio 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Cardio 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define congestive heart failure

A

the heart cannot pump enough blood leading to congestion and edema (blood backs up behind the failing chamber)

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2
Q

What lesions are associated with right sided heart failure

A

hepatic congestion (portal circulation)
ascites
hydropericardium

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3
Q

What lesions are associated with left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion

pulmonary edema

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4
Q

What are the most common cardiac anomalies for dogs

A

patent ductus arteriosus
pulmonic stenosis
subaortic stenosis
persistent right aortic arch

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5
Q

What are the most common cardiac anomalies for cats

A

mitral valve malformation

ventricular septal defect

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6
Q

What are the most common cardiac anomalies for cattle

A

atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
tetralogy of fallot
valvular hematoma

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7
Q

What is the most common cardiac anomaly for pigs

A

subaortic stenosis

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8
Q

How does the location of patent ductus arteriosus relate to the functional effects it produces

A

blood shunts from the left ventricle to the right ventricle resulting in pulmonary hypertension
(when very chronic it can switch to shunting from right ventricle to left ventricle, the blood bypasses pulmonary circulation so poor oxygenation)

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9
Q

How does the location of atrial septal defect relate to the functional effects it produces

A

blood shunts from left to right, results in right volume overload, see signs of right sided heart failure

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10
Q

How does the location of ventricular septal defect relate to the functional effects it produces

A

(usually located beneath the AV valves)
blood shunts from left to right which can lead to hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardium or both right ventricle and left ventricle
outcome depends on size of the hole

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11
Q

What are the 4 parts of the tetrology fallot

A
  1. VSD (ventricular septal defect)
  2. Overriding aorta
  3. Pulmonic stenosis
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
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12
Q

How does the location of tetrology fallot relate to the functional effects it produces

A
  1. blood shunts from left to right
  2. the aorta is shifted to the center, blood can enter it from either the right ventricle or the left ventricle
  3. pulmonary artery is constricted which leads blood out through the aorta more often, to get blood through the pulmonary artery there must be increased pressure which leads to 4. which is compensatory
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13
Q

How does the location of pulmonic stenosis relate to the functional effects it produces

A

leads to concentric right valve hypertrophy; is compensatory b/c lumen of pulmonic valve is constricted

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14
Q

How does the location of subaortic stenosis relate to the functional effects it produces

A

(it is a fibrous band beneath aortic valve)
Sequela: left ventricle hypertrophy
aortic dilation (post-stenotic)
jet lesions (from high velocity of blood flow)

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15
Q

How does the location of mitral valve malformation relate to the functional effects it produces

A

chordae tendinae and valve leaflets are short so don’t close properly
see left sided heart failure- diffuse pulmonary congestion and edema

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16
Q

How does the location of congenital valvular hematoma/hematocyst relate to the functional effects it produces

A

(common in calves, regresses with age)
AV valves affected, no functional consequences
(when it is serum rather than blood, is called lymphocyst)

17
Q

What is the usual presentation of pups with vascular ring anomaly (persistnt right 4th aortic arch)?
Relate this to the pathogenesis

A

Megaesopagus
- the persistent right 4th aortic arch entraps the esophagus and trachea, by trapping the esophagus normal amounts of food are unable to pass through and on to the stomach

18
Q

Define hydropericardium

What is the underlying cause

A
  • accumulation of watery fluid (transudate) in pericardium
  • occurs with dz causing edema
    may be concurrent ascites- right sided heart failure
19
Q

Define hemopericardium

What is the underlying cause

A
  • accumulation of blood in pericardium
    Causes:
  • dogs, ruptured right atrium (hemangiosarcoma, idiopathic)
  • horses, ruptured aorta (idiopathic, horses under extreme exercise)
20
Q

What is the cause of serous atrophy of pericardial/epicardial fat

A

cachexia
anorexia
starvation

21
Q

What are the common causes of fibrinous pericarditis in cattle and what is the usual route of infection

A

Pasteurella multocida
Clostridium chauvoei
Coliform spp
hematogenous spread

22
Q

What are the common causes of fibrinous pericarditis in pigs and what is the usual route of infection

A

Hemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s dz)
Streptococcus suis
Mycoplasma hyorhinus
hematogenous spread

23
Q

What is the common cause of fibrinous pericarditis in horses and what is the usual route of infection

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

hematogenous spread

24
Q

What is the common cause of fibrinous pericarditis in birds and what is the usual route of infection

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

hematogenous spread

25
Q

Understand the pathogenesis of TRP and what lesion occurs in the pericardium

A

TRP is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

  • a piece of metal is swallowed by the cattle, it stops in the reticulum where it penetrates through the wall of the reticulum, the diaphragm, and the pericardium (sometimes it penetrates the heart)
  • this leads to suppurative pericarditis, in severe cases there may be a thick mat of fibrinous exudate
26
Q

Chronic suppurative pericarditis due to TRP can progress to constrictive pericarditis, what is the functional consequence?

A

heart can’t expand, leads to congestive heart failure, see right sided failure first

27
Q

What are the major causes of diffuse endocardial fibrosis?

A 
congenital fibroelastosis (Burmese cats)
*dilated cardiomyopathy (dogs)
28
Q

What are the major causes of focal endocardial fibrosis?

A

jet lesions secondary to valvular insufficiency (atrial endocardium)

29
Q

What is the pathogenesis of endocardial mineralization (metastatic calcification)

A

prolonged hypercalcemia leads to deposits of mineral in the endocardium or Vit D toxicosis b/c increasing Vit D makes the body mobilize more Ca

30
Q

What are the common causes of endocardial mineralization

A

Vitamin D toxicosis (large animals)
Renal failure - hypercalcemia (dogs and cats)
Johne’s disease (cattle- macrophages secrete vitamin D analog)

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of myocardial mineralization (dystrophic calcification)

A

usually related to necrosis of myocytes

nutritional cardiomyopathy from selenium deficiency is a good first rule out

32
Q

What are the common causes of myocardial mineralization

A

nutritional myopathy
toxins
ischemia
“brain-heart” syndrome (brain or spinal cord injury resulting in myocardial necrosis due to massive and sudden catecholamine release

33
Q

What is endocardiosis
What are the morphological features
What is the cause
What are the consequences

A
  • valvular degeneration
  • nodular, smooth, glistening
  • mitral valve murmur
  • atrial dilation, jet lesions, atrial rupture
34
Q

What is endocarditis
What are the morphological features
What is the cause
What are the consequences

A
  • inflammation of the endocardium (vegetative valvular endocarditis)
  • rough, dull, granular
  • bacteremia, turbulent blood flow (allows bacteria to settle at valve)
  • valvular insufficiency resulting in left sided heart failure, septic emboli (right side- in lung, left side, in heart or anywhere in systemic circulation)
35
Q

What is the morphological pattern of injury for myocardial necrosis, what are the common causes

A
  • hypertrophy usually in papillary muscles or in the right atrium, is compensatory (concentric hypertrophy)
  • toxicity, left-sided vegetative valvular endocarditis, brain or spinal injury
36
Q

What is the morphological pattern of injury for myocarditis, what are the common causes

A
  • lesion is multifocal pale regions in the myocardium that extend deep into it
  • secondary to vegetative vulvar endocarditis of the mitral or atrial valve with septic emboli lodging along the coronary arteries

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