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Microbiology > Exam 2-bacteriology > Flashcards

Exam 2-bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gram + bacteria

A

Thick peptidoglycan

Contains Lipoteichoic acid

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2
Q

Gram + staining

A
  • Use crystal violet
  • If a bacteria is gram positive the bacteria will stain purple.
  • the crystal violet and grams iodine complexes cannot escape a thick peptidoglycan layer
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3
Q

Gram - bacteria

A
  • Thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • contains LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
  • only ones to have outer membrane which contains LPS
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4
Q

Gram - Staining

A
  • Gram - bacteria will stain pink
  • the bacteria pick up the Safrain due to inn peptidoglycan
  • Allows for passage of large crystals
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5
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Contains mycolic acid and LAM (Lipoarabinomaman)

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6
Q

Mycobacteria staining

A

Acid fast + = pink
Acid fast - = blue (lack of mycolic acid)

-will only work if mycobacterium present

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7
Q

E.coli K88 fimbria

A

Neonatal pigs

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8
Q

E.coli K99 fimbria

A

Neonatal calfs

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9
Q

Pili/fimbrae

A
  • Used for adherence
  • on bacteria’s surface
  • small thread-like
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10
Q

Capsule

A
  • Outer covering, helps to Nevada phagocytes

- polysaccharide of the outside of the cell wall

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11
Q

What is the Capsule used for?

A
  • sticking cells together
  • food reserve
  • protection against dedication and chemicals
  • helps bacteria to evade apoptosis
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12
Q

Endospores

A
  • Survival mechanism for some G+ bacteria
  • highly resistant dormant form of bacteria
  • produced when bacteria are exposed to adverse conditions or essential nutrients are depleted
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13
Q

Oxygen required

A

Aerobic
Microaerophilic
Capnophilic

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14
Q

Oxygen Not required or utilized for growth

A

Obligate anaerobe

Aerotolerant anaerobe

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15
Q

Oxygen not required and not utilized for growth

A

Facultative anaerobe

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16
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

Pathogenesis

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17
Q

Triangle of Tragedy-Pathogen

A 
Type
Genotype
Survival
Virulence
Route
Tropism
Dose
 Resistance
Vector
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18
Q

Triangle of Tragedy- Host

A 
Breed
Age 
Sex
Genotype
Immunity 
Physiology 
Damage
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19
Q

Triangle of Tragedy-Enviroment

A 
Housing
Space
Ventilation hygiene 
Nutrition 
Disease control 
Survival
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20
Q

Microorganism that has the potential to cause disease

A

Pathogen

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21
Q

The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population

A

Infection

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22
Q

When the infection causes damage to the individuals vital functions or systems

A

Disease

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23
Q

Site at which microbes enter our bodies

A

Port of entry

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24
Q

What are the 4 sites that microbes can enter the body?

A

1) Skin
2) Mucous membranes of respiratory tract
3) Gastrointestinal tract
4) Urogenital tract

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25
Q

Proteins produced by bacteria and released to outside and they exert action of specific target cells, release when living

A

Exotoxins

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26
Q

Examples of Exotoxins

A

Neurotoxins
Leukotoxins
Entertoxins

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27
Q

Heat stable, only released when dead, they can induce inflammation by stimulating the immune system

A

Endotoxins

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28
Q

Superantigens

A
  • Produced by pathogenic microbes
  • (including viruses, mycoplasma, and bacteria)
  • Bind to MHC class II molecule –> which binds to T-helper cells (massive cytokines release)
  • nausea, vomiting, fever (shock)
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29
Q

Examples of superantigens

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus entertoxins

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30
Q

Smaller circular DNA present in bacteria

A

Plasmids

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31
Q

Virus particles which attack bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

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32
Q

The process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

A

Conjugation

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33
Q

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membranes (add DNA fragment into DNA)

A

Transformation

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34
Q

The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

A

Transduction

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35
Q

Mechanisms by which cause disease

A

Pathogenesis

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36
Q

Degree of pathogenicity includes severity

A

Virulence

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37
Q

Properties or traits found in isolates that cause disease but which are not found in isolates of the same species that lack the ability to cause disease

A

Virulence factors

38
Q

What predisposes an animal to infectious disease

A

Predisposition

39
Q

Sequence of events in bacterial or fungal pathogenesis

A

1) Entry into the host
2) Evade host defense
3) Colonize the host system
4) Multiply
5) Exert damage in the host
6) Transmit to other hosts - infectious

40
Q

How bacterial pathogens cause disease?

A

1) Depleting the host’s nutrients by using them
2) Direct damage to the host cell (toxins)
3) As a result of immune response to the microbe
4) Combination of all

41
Q

Consequences of Pathogen-host Interaction

A

-No colonization/ colonization
-Inapparent subclinical/ chronic infection
-Infection, disease followed by recovery
-infection, disease, death, or disability
-Infection, disease, followed by persistence
(Often leading to transmission or carrier stage)

42
Q

Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections

A

1) Infection of the agent

2) Identification of the host immune response

43
Q

Ways to identify the agent in the diagnosis of bacterial infections

A
  • direct detection (microscopic, simple/differential staining, fluorescent antibody staining)
  • Isolation and ID
  • direct detection of antigens, toxins (ELISA)
  • PCR
44
Q

Ways to identify the host immune response of bacterial infections

A

1) humoral immune system detect antibodies to an infectious agent (Brucella infection)
2) cell-mediated immune response (TB)

45
Q

Type of media selective to Salmonella

A

Hektoen Enteric Agar

46
Q

Media that is selective for G- bacteria

A

MacConkey

47
Q

A media selective for G+ bacteria

A

Phenylethyl alcohol agar

48
Q

Aerobic

A

Bacteria that needs oxygen

49
Q

Microaerophilic

A

-needs low amount of oxygen

50
Q

Capnophilic

A

Needs CO2 to grow

51
Q

oxygen not required but can be utilized for growth

A

Facultative anaerobe

52
Q

Antigen Detection

A

-Use antibody reagents. To detect antigens in serum, feces, urine, tissue

53
Q

Examples of antigen detection

A

Enzyme immunoassay
Agglutination
Fluorescent antibody staining

54
Q

Chemical Detection

A
  • Analysis of total cell fatty acids/ proteins

- limited use on clinical specimens

55
Q

Examples of Chemical detection

A

HPLC
GLC
MALDI-MS

56
Q

Biological detection

A

-Adapted from clotting mechanism of horseshoe crab

57
Q

Examples of Biological detection

A

Linulus amoebocyte assay test for LPS

58
Q

Sterilization Methods

A
  • Moist heat
  • Dry heat
  • Incineration
  • Alcohol flame
59
Q

Methods used to limit microbial growth

A
  • Fridge
  • Boiling
  • Pasteurization
  • Acidification
60
Q

Drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication/growth/prevention their pathogenic effect

A

Antimicrobials

61
Q

A low molecular substances produced by a microorganism that at a low concentration inhibits or kills other micro organisms

A

Antibiotic

62
Q

Any substance of natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic orgin that kills or inhibits the growth of micro organisms but causes little or no damage to the host

A

Antimicrobial

63
Q

** all antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics

A

**

64
Q

Natural Antimicrobials

A

-produced by bacteria or fungus

65
Q

Examples of Natural Antimicrobials

A
  • Streptomycin
  • Penicillin
  • Tetracycline
66
Q

Semi-synthetic Antimicrobials

A

-chemically altered natural compound

67
Q

Examples of Semi-synthetic antimicrobials

A
  • Ampicillin

- Amikacin

68
Q

Synthetic Antimicrobials

A

0chemically designed in the lab

69
Q

Examples of synthetic antimicrobials

A
  • Sulfonamide
  • Enrofloxacin
  • Macbofloxacin
70
Q

4 Classification of antimicrobial agents

A

1) chemical structure
2) mode of action
3) type of antimicrobial activity
4) Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

71
Q

Prevents degradation of penicillin by B-lactamose

A

Clavulanic acid

72
Q

B-lactate antibiotics

A

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalosporins

73
Q

An enzyme present in bacteria which can cleave B-lactate ring and inactivate penicillin + contribute to resistance

A

B-lactamase

74
Q

Last drugs of choice for some gram+ bacteria

A

Vancomycin and daptomycin

75
Q

Examples of Quinolones

A
  • Nalidixic acid
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Enrofloxacin
76
Q

Metronidazole

A

-makes breaks in the DNA

77
Q

Inhibits 30s subunit

A
  • Aminoglycosides (bacterial ribosome)

- Tetracyclines (reg ribosomes)

78
Q

Examples of Aminoglycosides

A
  • Gentamicin

- Amikacin

79
Q

Examples of Tetracyclines

A
  • Oxytetracycline

- Chlortetracycline

80
Q

Inhibits 50s subunit

A
  • Macrolides
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Lincosamides
81
Q

Examples of Macrolides

A
  • Erythromycin

- Azithromycin

82
Q

Inhibits RNA polymerase (transcription)

A

Rifampin

83
Q

Inhibits tRNA synthetase (translation)

A

Mupirocin

84
Q

Folic acid Synthesis Inhibitors

A
  • Sulfonamides

- Trimethoprim

85
Q

Broad Spectrum antibacterials

A

Active against both Gram + and Gram - organisms

86
Q

Examples of Broad Spectrum antibacterials

A
  • Tetracyclines
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Cephalosporins
87
Q

Narrow spectrum antibacterials

A

-have limited activity and are primarily only useful against particular specie of microorganisms (G+ and G-)

88
Q

Examples of Narrow Spectrum antibacterials

A
  • Isoniazid

- Polymyxins

89
Q

Bactericides Agents

A

-Kills bacteria and reduces the total # of viable organisms

90
Q

Bacteriostatic agents

A

-Arrest the growth and replication of bacteria, thus allowing the host immune system to complete pathogen elimination

Microbiology (9 decks)

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