Exam 1- Microbiology

Question 1

What is microbiology?

Answer 1

The study of small life

Question 2

Benefits of Microbes

Answer 2

• > Bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer. (Probiotics and fermentation)
• > Antibiotics
• > Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes

Question 3

Harmful of Microbes

Answer 3

• > Diseases

- > Food spoilage

Question 4

Name 4 essential components of an ecosystem that microbes contribute to

Answer 4

1) cycling of important nutrients
2) nitrogen fixers
3) Natural gas (methane)
4) Bioremediation

Question 5

3 main types of microscopes

Answer 5

1) Compound light microscope
2) laser scanning confocal microscope
3) Transmission electron microscope

Question 6

Spontaneous generation Debate

Answer 6

Original thought on the origin of microbes

Observations: aphids arose from dew which falls on plants, fleas come from putrid matter , mice from dirty hay

Question 7

Abiogenesis

Answer 7

The theory that addresses the actual origin of microbes ( life on earth)
A process in life which arises naturally from non-living matter
Scientists speculate that life may have arisen as a result of random chemical processes happening to produce self-replicating

Question 8

Protocell

Answer 8

Self organized , endogenously ordered spherical collection of lipids

Question 9

Why is learning microbiology essential in the vet curriculum?

Answer 9

Acquire the knowledge in infectious diseases of animals

Diagnose->Treat->prevent

Question 10

Bloom’s taxonomy

Answer 10

Cognitive-knowing/head
Affective- feeling/heart
Psychomotor- doing/hands

Question 11

Veterinarian’s Oath

Answer 11

Benefit of society
The conservation of animal resources
The promotion of public health
Advancement of medical knowledge

Question 12

“One Health”

Answer 12

Humans Animals Ecosystem

Question 13

Global Health

Answer 13

• Address antimicrobial resistance
• Food safety +security
• outbreak preparedness
• zoonotic disease control

Question 14

Prokaryotes

Answer 14

Bacteria

Archaea

Question 15

Eukaryotes

Answer 15

Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths

Question 15

Acellular

Answer 15

Virus

Prion

Question 16

6 Major elements that all macromolecules are made of

Answer 16

Carbon 
Hydrogen
Oxygen 
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulphur

Question 17

What all living things have in common?

Answer 17

Plasma membrane
Use ATP for energy (replicating in viruses)
Genetic info in DNA

Question 18

System of classification

Answer 18

Dynamic theories developed by us to express particular views about the history of the organism

Question 19

Taxonomy

Answer 19

Science of classification of living objects
Common reference source
Universal language
Dynamic area of science

Question 20

Systematics

Answer 20

Scientists who works on taxonomy

Question 21

Two main kingdoms

Answer 21

Vegetabilia

Animalia

Question 22

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 22

Formal naming of living organisms

Genus species- underlined or italics

Question 23

Species

Answer 23

A population that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Question 24

Bacterial Nomanclature

Answer 24

1) descriptive ->shape/arrangement
2) scientist’s name
3) geographic places
4) organizations

Question 25

16s Ribosomal RNA useful for?

Answer 25

Useful for interning phylogenetic differences amongst related taxa
~3% difference

Question 26

Phylogenetic Tree= 3 domains

Answer 26

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 27

How do we learn about relationships between living objects?

Answer 27

Gather evidence from: Fossil records, comparative homologous, compare DNA & RNA sequencing

Question 28

Domain: Archaea

Answer 28

-Prokaryotic
-**lack peptidoglycan
-A pathogenic one yet to be identified
Types: methanogens, extreme halophiles, Thermophiles

Question 29

Domain: Eubacteria (Bacteria)

Answer 29

• Prokaryotes
• **Have peptidoglycan in cell wall
• pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, harmless and beneficial

Question 30

Domain: Eukaryotic (Eukarya)

Answer 30

• Protozoans
• Fungi
• Helminths
• Algae
• Animals
• Plants

Question 31

Virus

Answer 31

-a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms

Question 32

Virions

Answer 32

Virus particles

Question 33

Virus particles contain 2 or all 3 of these?

Answer 33

1) genetic DNA or RNA
2) Protein coat
3) An envelope

Question 34

How to Identify Viruses?

Answer 34

• direct observation from clinical samples using TEM
• Cultivation in cell cultures
• fluorescent antibody staining technique from infected cells or cell cultures
• ELISA to detect viral antigens
• molecular methods Ex: PCR

Question 35

7 Methods of Identifying Bacteria

Answer 35

1) Culture and a Aylin’s of morphological characteristics, differential stainingL Gram, Acid fast, shape
2) Biochemical test- ELISA
3) Serology-utilizes host response to identification-Agglutination test
4) Phage typing
5) Fatty acid profiles
6) Nucleic Acid based testing-PCR, DNA Hybridization
7) Mass Spec- MALDI TOF

Question 36

Protozoan

Answer 36

Single cell parasite

Ex: Ameoba, toxoplasma

Question 37

Metazoan

Answer 37

More complex parasite, multicellular

Ex: Helminths

Question 38

How to identify parasites

Answer 38

• morphology
• molecular techniques
• host specificity
• geographical location
• tissue tropism