Exam 1- Microbiology Flashcards
What is microbiology?
The study of small life
Benefits of Microbes
- > Bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer. (Probiotics and fermentation)
- > Antibiotics
- > Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes
Harmful of Microbes
- > Diseases
- > Food spoilage
Name 4 essential components of an ecosystem that microbes contribute to
1) cycling of important nutrients
2) nitrogen fixers
3) Natural gas (methane)
4) Bioremediation
3 main types of microscopes
1) Compound light microscope
2) laser scanning confocal microscope
3) Transmission electron microscope
Spontaneous generation Debate
Original thought on the origin of microbes
Observations: aphids arose from dew which falls on plants, fleas come from putrid matter , mice from dirty hay
Abiogenesis
The theory that addresses the actual origin of microbes ( life on earth)
A process in life which arises naturally from non-living matter
Scientists speculate that life may have arisen as a result of random chemical processes happening to produce self-replicating
Protocell
Self organized , endogenously ordered spherical collection of lipids
Why is learning microbiology essential in the vet curriculum?
Acquire the knowledge in infectious diseases of animals
Diagnose->Treat->prevent
Bloom’s taxonomy
Cognitive-knowing/head
Affective- feeling/heart
Psychomotor- doing/hands
Veterinarian’s Oath
Benefit of society
The conservation of animal resources
The promotion of public health
Advancement of medical knowledge
“One Health”
Humans Animals Ecosystem
Global Health
- Address antimicrobial resistance
- Food safety +security
- outbreak preparedness
- zoonotic disease control
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Acellular
Virus
Prion
6 Major elements that all macromolecules are made of
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulphur
What all living things have in common?
Plasma membrane
Use ATP for energy (replicating in viruses)
Genetic info in DNA
System of classification
Dynamic theories developed by us to express particular views about the history of the organism
Taxonomy
Science of classification of living objects
Common reference source
Universal language
Dynamic area of science
Systematics
Scientists who works on taxonomy
Two main kingdoms
Vegetabilia
Animalia
Binomial nomenclature
Formal naming of living organisms
Genus species- underlined or italics
Species
A population that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Bacterial Nomanclature
1) descriptive ->shape/arrangement
2) scientist’s name
3) geographic places
4) organizations
16s Ribosomal RNA useful for?
Useful for interning phylogenetic differences amongst related taxa
~3% difference
Phylogenetic Tree= 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
How do we learn about relationships between living objects?
Gather evidence from: Fossil records, comparative homologous, compare DNA & RNA sequencing
Domain: Archaea
-Prokaryotic
-**lack peptidoglycan
-A pathogenic one yet to be identified
Types: methanogens, extreme halophiles, Thermophiles
Domain: Eubacteria (Bacteria)
- Prokaryotes
- **Have peptidoglycan in cell wall
- pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, harmless and beneficial
Domain: Eukaryotic (Eukarya)
- Protozoans
- Fungi
- Helminths
- Algae
- Animals
- Plants
Virus
-a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms
Virions
Virus particles
Virus particles contain 2 or all 3 of these?
1) genetic DNA or RNA
2) Protein coat
3) An envelope
How to Identify Viruses?
- direct observation from clinical samples using TEM
- Cultivation in cell cultures
- fluorescent antibody staining technique from infected cells or cell cultures
- ELISA to detect viral antigens
- molecular methods Ex: PCR
7 Methods of Identifying Bacteria
1) Culture and a Aylin’s of morphological characteristics, differential stainingL Gram, Acid fast, shape
2) Biochemical test- ELISA
3) Serology-utilizes host response to identification-Agglutination test
4) Phage typing
5) Fatty acid profiles
6) Nucleic Acid based testing-PCR, DNA Hybridization
7) Mass Spec- MALDI TOF
Protozoan
Single cell parasite
Ex: Ameoba, toxoplasma
Metazoan
More complex parasite, multicellular
Ex: Helminths
How to identify parasites
- morphology
- molecular techniques
- host specificity
- geographical location
- tissue tropism