Exam 1- Molecular Biology

Question 1

What is molecular biology?

Answer 1

The study of molecular foundation of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function. Including interactions between DNA, RNA, and proteins and their biosynthesis

Question 2

Nucleic Acid

Answer 2

A chain of nucleotides with 3 building blocks

Question 3

3 Building blocks of Nucleic acid

Answer 3

Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous base

Question 4

Nitrogenous base

Answer 4

Type of organic molecule that consists of 1 or 2 ring structures
-A, G, C, T, U in RNA

Question 5

DNA Replication

Answer 5

• Occurs near the fork
• Synthesis begins with a primer
• 5’-3’direction
• leading strand made in direction fork is moving
• lagging strand made as Okazaki fragments that get connected later

Question 6

DNA Helicase

Answer 6

Binds to DNA and travels 5’ to 3’ using ATP to separate the strands and move the fork forward

Question 7

DNA topoisomerase

Answer 7

Relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork

Question 8

DNA Polymerase

Answer 8

Can only add bases from a free 3’ end of the leading strand

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

• Produces an RNA copy or transcript of the gene

- Structural genes produce mRNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 10

Translation

Answer 10

• Process of synthesizing specific polypeptide on a ribosome

- mRNA to protein

Question 11

3 Forms of RNA Polymerase

Answer 11

RNA polymerase I, II, III

Question 12

RNA polymerase I and III

Answer 12

Transcribes non-structural genes for rRNA and tRNA

Question 13

RNA polymerase II

Answer 13

Transcribes mRNA, requires 5 general transcription factors

Question 14

Introns

Answer 14

Transcribes but not translated

Question 15

Exons

Answer 15

Coding sequence found in mature mRNA

Question 16

Splicing

Answer 16

Removing of introns and connection of exons

Question 17

Genotype

Answer 17

Entire genetic male-up of a cell which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that cell organism/ individual

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

The observational characteristic of an organism such as behavior, morphology, development, etc :the expressed properties

Question 19

Codons

Answer 19

3 letter nucleotide base codes in RNA which codes for amino acids

Question 20

Genetics

Answer 20

The study of heredity

Question 21

Genome

Answer 21

All living things genetic material, contains DNA, gene, chromosome, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, plastids

Question 22

Plasmids

Answer 22

Small, circular double stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA

Question 23

Southern Blotting

Answer 23

Method used for the detection of a specific DNA sequence from DNA samples

Question 24

Northern Blotting

Answer 24

Technique used in research to study gene expression by detection of RNA in a sample

Question 25

Western Blotting

Answer 25

Used to identify specific proteins from a complex mixture of proteins extracted from cells or an organ

Question 26

PCR-Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 26

-amplify specific DNA fragments from genomic DNA, genes etc

Question 27

Steps of PCR

Answer 27

• Denaturation
• Annealing
• Extension
• Repeat

Question 28

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 28

-uses electrical field to move the negatively charged DNA toward a positive electrode through a agarose gel matrix

Question 29

Recombinant DNA

Answer 29

Joint together of DNA molecules from different species that are inserted into a host organism, to produce new genetic combinations that are of interest