Exam 2: ATP Flashcards
Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to cause a process (such as a chemical reaction) to occur.
Biosynthesis
the process by which living things use chemical reactions to create products useful for cellular metabolism, also called anabolism.
Chemical reaction
the processes by which chemicals interact to form new chemicals with different compositions
Energy coupling
occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system
Enzyme
Proteins that increase the rate of reaction.
Metabolic Pathway
series of connected chemical reactions that feed one another and achieve a specific metabolic task.
Metabolism
total of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
Define and contrast ADP and ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. Contains 3 phosphate groups however denosine diphosphate (ADP) only contains 2 phosphate groups.
Define and contrast anabolism and catabolis.
Anabolism: “biosynthesis”, stored energy is used to synthesize or assemble complex molecules. Catabolism: energy is released and harvested during the breakdown of various molecules.
Energy released during catabolism while energy is used during anabolism.
Define and contrast endergonic and exergonic.
Endergonic: energy released forming new bonds is less than the energy input required to break existing bonds. exergonic: reactions involve a net release of energy.
Define and contrast reactant and product.
Reactants are the starting ingredients of the chemical reaction the products is whats left when the completion is done.
What is metabolism?
Total of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
Total of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
Catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is coupled to anabolism.
How does breaking a chemical bond relate to energy?
Requires input of energy
How does forming a new chemical bond relate to energy?
releases energy
What is activation energy, and how does it relate to the processes occurring in a chemical reaction?
Minimum amount of energy needed to weaken and break existing bonds. It’s the amount of energy needed to be invested to break chemical bonds.
What is an endergonic reaction? How does the potential energy of the reactants compare to the potential energy of the products in such a reaction?
Reaction reqiruing a net input of energy. occurs when energy released forming new bonds is less than the energy input required to break existing bonds.
What is an exergonic reaction? How does the potential energy of the reactants compare to the potential energy of the products in such a reaction?
Involves a net release of energy during the process of forming new bonds. Overall energy of the products is less than that of reactants.
Describe the relationship between endergonic reactions and exergonic reactions.
Endergonic reaction involves a net input of energy while exergonic requires a net release of energy
What types of chemical reactions require a net input of energy, and what types involve a net release of energy?
Endergonic reactions involve a net input of energy
Exergonic reactions involve a net release of energy
Describe the structure of ATP.
Sugar (ribosome), nitrogenous base (adenine), and phosphate group (3 of them).
ATP is a monomer in the formation of which major class of macromolecules?
nucleic acids
What does ATP stand for? How about ADP? How are they similar, and how are they different?
Adenosine triphosphate. Adensoine diphosphate. Difference is 2 vs. 3 phosphate groups.
Which is a higher energy molecule, ATP or ADP? Explain.
ATP, the extra phosphate group bond creates more potential energy.
Describe the ATP cycle, and its relationship to endergonic and exergonic processes.
Creation of ATP from ADP + P is an endergonic reaction and requires an inputt of energy to create the bond; this energy is supplied from exergonic reactions. ATP to ADP +P, energy is released in this reaction meaning it is an endogonic reaction.
The ATP cycle couples exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions. exergonic reactions hydrolysize ATP, producing free energy for endergonic reactions in the cell. Then exergonic reactions provide free energy again for endergonic reactions producing ATP.
How does the ATP cycle store energy? How does the ATP cycle supply energy?
When another phosphate is added to ADP, and this allows ATP to store small amounts of energy. ATP can release and store energy by breaking and re-forming bonds b/w its phosphate groups.
What is meant by the “coupling” of endergonic and exergonic reactions? How is this coupling facilitated?
an energetically favorable reaction (exergonic) releases energy, which is then used to drive an energetically unfavorable reaction (endergonic). This allows the overall coupled reaction to be exergonic, meaning it can happen spontaneously.
