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Psychology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

experience ass. w/ sound and light
initial reaction
sense organs take in stim.

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2
Q

perception

A

organization of stim
interpreted for reaction
consciously aware

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3
Q

physical stim

A

poke or sting that contacts sense organs

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4
Q

physiol. response

A

ele. act. in sense organs

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5
Q

sensory experi.

A

subjective sensation of light, sound, touch etc

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6
Q

receptor cell

A

responds phys. stim

produ ele. charges for action potential

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7
Q

transduction

A

recp. cell responds to stim

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8
Q

sensory neuron (CNS)

A

relay signals frm cell to brain

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9
Q

receptor pot.

A

ele. charge from transduction
partial depolar.
fun- activ. neuron + cause act. pot.

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10
Q

qualitative stim

A

type or kind
determined by which neurons firing
ex. salad v coke

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11
Q

quantitative stim

A

amount or strength
determined by rate of firing
act pot/sec

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12
Q

sensory adaptation?

A

not true
we adjust to situation and perception inc as sensativity dec
ex. music in car in morning v night
going outside after being in all day

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13
Q

oflaction

A

sense smell

neurons can vary in type and strength (based off #/second)

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14
Q

identify given smell

A

ratio of receptor activation

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15
Q

flavor

A

comes from connection btw pharynx and nasal cavity

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16
Q

pheromone

A

chem signals info to others
can be detected
are produced

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17
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

detect pheromones

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18
Q

taste categories

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)

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19
Q

taste buds

A

no distinct area on tongue

40-150 receptor cells

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20
Q

pain receptors

A

sens. neuron

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21
Q

a-delta pain fiber

A

myelin, fast,
localized
affected press. and temp extremes

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22
Q

c pain fiber

A

unmyelin, slow
widespread
affected by chem. change

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23
Q

gate control theory of pain

A 
gate at lower brain stem + spinal cord
only feel pain passes thru
controlled by PAG
   periqueductal grey area
can be excitatory or inhibitory
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24
Q

affect PAG

A 
ele. stim
opiates
   ex. heroin
endorphines
    produ. by body
    neurotrans/hormon
          some chem can be b/
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25
Q

analgesia

A

absense of sense of pain

controlled by endorp.

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26
Q

stress induced analgesia

A

delays pain response
pain not felt till after stressful sit.
ex. sports

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27
Q

belief-induced analgesia

A

ex. placebo effect or runners high

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28
Q

aspects of sound

A

amplitude- perceived loudness

frequency- perceived pitch

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29
Q

amplitude

A

height of wave= physical

loudness= psych concept

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30
Q

frequency values

A

most hear 20Hz

optimal 12-24Hz

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31
Q

path of hearing through ear

A 
sound waves make timpan. mem vibrate
ear drum makes bones vibrate
stirrup makes oval window vibrate
    oval w makes cochlea vibrate
cochlear fluid mvmnt triggers hairs
hairs make ele. signal that goes to brain
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32
Q

conduction deafness

A

most common

where bones don’t vibrate w much intensity

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33
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

problem btw stirrup and cochlea comm.

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34
Q

percieved loudness

A

mre hairs move = louder

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35
Q

pitch and distance

A

farther dis= lower pitch (bass)

shorter dis= higher pitch

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36
Q

pitch and frequency

A

lower pitch- slow vibra closer to apex of coch

higher pitch- fast vibra closer to base of coch

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37
Q

light

color percieved

A

400-700 nanom

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38
Q

type of rad in ligh

A

electromag

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39
Q

cornea

A

clear tissue helps focus light

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40
Q

iris

A

changes pupil size

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41
Q

pupil

A

hole in iris

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42
Q

lens

A

behind pupil
focuses light
deteriorates/ stiffens w/ age

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43
Q

retina

A

mem at back eye
contains recep cells (cones and rods)
transducts

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44
Q

cone and rod activation

A

after light hits back of eye and is reflected

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45
Q

light reflection

A 
good= see at night (cat)
bad= see during day (human)
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46
Q

rods

A 
black and white
dim light
all over retina
low acuity (clearness)
high sensitivity
rhodopsin
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47
Q

cones

A 
color
bright light
most in fovea
   outer peripheral color memorized by light
high acuity (clearness)
low sen.
3 different photopigments
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48
Q

receptor potential

A

leads to act. pot.

photochem cause elec. change acrost mem when hit by light

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49
Q

subtractive color mixing

A

diff. wavelengths= diff. percieved light

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50
Q

additive color mixture

A

mix lights

mix all lights= white light

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51
Q

3 primaries law

A

3 wavelengths can make all colors

52
Q

law of complementarity

A

2 specific wavel mixed can make white light

53
Q

trichromatic theory

A

cells in retina 3 pigments absorb diff. wavel

54
Q

wave len. values

A

short- 425
medium- 525
long- 560

55
Q

subtractive color

A

color pigments mixing

56
Q

additive color

A

wavelength mixing

57
Q

colorblind

A

assign two diff wavelen. same percieved color
most common wavelengths gone= long and medium
fewer than 3 cones
more common in men

58
Q

opponent process theory

A

blue-yellow
red-green
only need two types of cells vs 3

59
Q

law of complimentarity

A

2 colors in additive color mixing (wavel) = white light

60
Q

complimentarity of afterimage

A

agrees w/ opponent theory and NOT tricolor

61
Q

incentive

A

goal motivated to obtain
or
reinforcer, reward and goal

62
Q

strong drive =

A

object becoming more desirable

ex. deprived of food for extended amnt time

63
Q

strong incentive=

A

strong drive

64
Q

homeostasis

A

balanced internal body functions

ex. temp, blood glucose

65
Q

regulatory drive

A

preserve homeo.
need to survive
ex o2

66
Q

non-reg. drive

A

not need to live

ex. gambling or netflix binging

67
Q

central state theory of drives

A

separate central drive systm for e/ drive

diff drive = diff. neural act.

68
Q

drive reduction theory

A

primary and secondary drive

69
Q

primary drive

A

don’t require learning

ex. hunger

70
Q

secondary drive

A

have to be learned

ex. money

71
Q

drive v incentive difference

A 
drive= internal
incentive= external
72
Q

hunger study

A

lesion of brain bilaterally
stimulate brain
chem and ele.
knockout animals (missing specific genes)

73
Q

lateral area of brain hypoth

A

lose appetite if gone

if stim area will eat more

74
Q

removing lateral area NOT equal hunger

A

affects goal orienting functioning and not specifically hunger

75
Q

ventromedial prt hypothal

A 
satisfactory center
if working
   stops hunger drive
if damaged
    causes excessive hunger
76
Q

hunger affects

A 
signals from stomach to brain
sign. how much energy in blood
amount stored in fat
appetizing effect
   (looks good)
environment and cultural
   habits and friends
77
Q

DNA and hunger not reliable

A

changes in weight happen faster than genetic change in pop.
ppl have dissimilar dna but same environment/ behavior patterns
overestim.- role genetics
underestim- role environ/ beh.

78
Q

arousal

A

physiological reactions

ex. fight or flight

79
Q

emotion

A

psychological experience

ex. can’t tell through blood test

80
Q

emotion and arousal relationship

A

emotion leads to arousal

81
Q

common sense theory

A

stim leads to emotion
emotion leads to arousal
ex. when see someone hot

82
Q

James-Lange theory

A

proposed 1887
perception then bodily arousal then emotion
body response triggers fear

83
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

emotion and bodily arousal happen at same time after perception

84
Q

schachter-singer theory

A

the type of emotion determ by perception
intensity of emotion determ by bodily arousal
emotion can feed back into perception
ex. think something is bigger bc was scarier

85
Q

circadian rhythm

A

24 hr cycle
controlled by nervous system
ex. body temp and appetitie

86
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

gross record avg electrical act in brain

87
Q

alpha wave

A

awake and relaxed

short but frequent

88
Q

beta wave

A

awake and alert
inc. REM
high and less freq

89
Q

theta wave

A

appears in stage 1

not as frequen as alpha

90
Q

delta wave

A

stage 2-4

deep sleep

91
Q

stage 1

A

transition stage

alpha wave

92
Q

2-4 stages

A

slow wave sleep
musc. tension, heart rate + breathing dec
person harder to wake

93
Q

sleep thoughts

A

not dreams
during 2-4
occur when awakening in 2-4

94
Q

REM sleep

A 
beta waves
brain- active, body-relaxed
breathing + hr inc
rapid eye mvmnt
dreams
95
Q

sleep cycle

A

1-4, 3,2, REM, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2 etc
morning- REM
night- Slow waves

96
Q

restoration theory

A

more activity = more sleep (slow wave)
ex. marathon runner
doesn’t correlate w/ cat and cow ex

97
Q

preservation and protection theory

A

evolve to sleep when food needs met
food is not avaliable
environment is safe
when won’t be eaten

98
Q

insomnia

A

can’t sleep
most common disorder
when get enough sleep but still don’t feel good

99
Q

REM (dreaming)

A

inc. illusion of vivid visual/ aud sensations
longer time spent in REM = mre detailed dream
nondreamers have dreams when woken up in REM

100
Q

REM factors

A

more often in children
unstim. neurons can degenerate
can occur in non-humans

101
Q

stim neuron dream theory

A

motor twitches and hallucinations side effects

102
Q

new memories dream theory

A

dreams help strenghten

ex. after studying

103
Q

cornea mvmnt dream theory

A

cornea needs move to get oxygen
rapid eye mvmnt needed maintain healthy vision
dreams are side effect

104
Q

Nisbett and Wilson- accent ex

A

1977
ppl’s body language lead to reaction accent
ex. cold= accent irritating
warm= accent intriguing

105
Q

Valins/ Ray 1967

Zimbardo, Cohen, Weisenberg, Dworkin and Firestone 1969

A

thought process lead to opinion change

opinion change= beh. change

106
Q

Nisbett and Wilson- Tide ex

A

asked memorize words
then do association task
Ex. memorize words ocean and waves
more likely to name Tide as laundry detergent

107
Q

Nisbett and Wilson- Stocking ex

A

all thought rightmost stocking was best
eventhough all were same
reason= last one touched, and still fresh in mem.

108
Q

Nisbett and Wilson 1977- reading ex.

A

subjects guessed they would choose longest passage = greater emotional impact
*ppl actually didn’t report this reason at all in conclusion

109
Q

decison making according to Nes + Wil

A

ppl don’t have access to cognitive process
brain can’t percieve own self/ thought process
ppl cannot read own minds
so make inferences (guesses) that seem reasonable

110
Q

Johansson, Hall, Sikstrom and Olsson 2005- attractive ex w/ pics

A

people could explain why picked M just as well as why picked NM, eventhough they didn’t even pick M at all!

if ppl had access to own cog processes
would be unable say why M is more attractive then NM

111
Q

Nisbett+ wilson interview ex 1976

A

nothing ppl predicted (experience, education, prev. job) impacted their decision
more worried about spilled coffee

112
Q

North, Hargreaves mcKendrick 1999- wine ex

A

wine sale german v french

ppl claimed music didn’t effect purchase

113
Q

Uhlmann and Cohen 2005- police cheif ex

A 
independant var
    gender applicant
     skill set
           admin v street
result- more ppl liked the man reguardless of what skill
114
Q

physician and extra money ex

A

claim that money doesn’t effect decision in patient health

115
Q

Marijuana types

A

cannabis ruderalis
cannabis sativa
cannabis indica

116
Q

phytocannabinoids

A 
bio active substances
THC
cannabidoil
cannabinol
n-alklamide
b-caryophyllene
117
Q

herbal marijuana

A

contains synthetic cannabinoid

118
Q

differences in oral and inhalation of marijuana

A

oral- passes through liver
not get high as fast bc half is metabolized
inhalation- easier dosage control
lungs, circ. and brain

119
Q

cannabinoid recp

A

found in brain and body

120
Q

exogenous cannabinoids v endogenous cannabindoids

A

exo- ex thc

endo- neurotransm

121
Q

activation of cannabinoid recep

A 
inc dopamine 
  (addiction center)
122
Q

THC absorption

A

fat

released overtime

123
Q

biological risk w/ marijuana

A

inc appetite
impaired motor control
reduces pain

124
Q

mental affects w/ marijuana

A

heavy- mild memory, learning and attention impairment
normal- no impairment

light headed, dizzy, relaxation, altered perception of time
higher does = anxiety

not huge/ practical but do have stat. sig.

125
Q

marijuana and sleep

A

schierenbeck 2008
dec REM inc. stage 4
makes sleepy
strange dreams

126
Q

amotivational syndrome

A

not relevant anymore

evidence in 60s originally

127
Q

heavy and light users

A

diff. in psychomotor speed after 28 days

could affect adolescents more than adults in long term

Psychology 101 (7 decks)

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