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Psychology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psych. is the study of

A

mind, brain and beh

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2
Q

mind v brain

A

mind- thoughts, not concrete brain-physical

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3
Q

dualism

A

Descartes
science is only study of body
non-animals do not have a mind
widely accepted by all

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4
Q

empiricists

A

locke
berkley
hume
supp. dualism but had no research

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5
Q

british associationists

A 
hartley, mill and stuart mill
believed that science = mind
dev. hypoth. 
   memory. learning and percep.
no research
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6
Q

psychophysics

A

weber and fechner 1887
first to practice psych.
but not invented yet
did empir. research

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7
Q

independant variable (IV)

A

thing getting controlled or manipulated

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8
Q

dependant variable (DV)

A

thing reacting to change in IV

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9
Q

fact

A

objective statement

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10
Q

theory

A

not a law!
idea or model designed to explain existing facts or make predictions
(an explanatory hypothesis)

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11
Q

hypothesis-

A

prediction based on a theory

not working to prove but gain more or less confidence

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12
Q

generalizing hypo.

A

applying one instance to many

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13
Q

explanatory hypo.

A

cause and affect

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14
Q

confounding variable

A

one that ruins experiment
not accounted for or controlled
ex. amount of time studying

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15
Q

extraneous variable

A

factor that varies and is not a IV or DV
does not ruin experiment
ex. ethnicity of people

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16
Q

descriptive study

A

describ. w/out looking at relationship btw vari.

Ex. beds avaliable in MT for mental health

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17
Q

correlation v causation

A

not equal

ex. corn and abuse

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18
Q

correlational study

A

can help make predictions
no manipulation, just observes 2 vari.
Ex. lung cancer and cigar.

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19
Q

observational methods

A

tests
con- can be imposs. bc of practical and ethical reasons
ex. ppl don’t want to be caught smoking meth
naturalistic observation
ex. how ppl stop at stop signs

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20
Q

self-report methods

A

con- people can lie

done w/ interview or questionaire

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21
Q

lab study

A

pro- can control extraneous var.

con- ppl behave unnaturally

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22
Q

field study

A

pro- ppl act naturally

con- variables cannot be controlled

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23
Q

standard deviation

A

small SD- tight group
ex. jockeys
large SD- spread out
ex. high school students

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24
Q

correlational coefficient

A

-1.00 to 1.00
- and + indicates direction
distance from zero = strength

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25
Q

+ correlation

A

as one var. inc. so does the other

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26
Q
  • correlation
A

as one var. inc. the other dec.

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27
Q

correlation not equal causation

A

ex. chocolate and nobel prizes

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28
Q

infernetial stats

A

reviews sample and population affect equivalence

will sample accura. represent pop?

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29
Q

statist. signif.

A

confident that sample = pop.
“less than 5% data would come out same if hypoth. is wrong”
*not same though!!!

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30
Q

statist. signif. value

A

less than or equal to 0.05

if greater than or equal to… not stat. sig.

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31
Q

spurious

A

predic. and outcome var. explained by common-causal var.
ex. viewing tv = spurious
w/out no relationship btw parenting style and agression

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32
Q

statist. signficant factors

A 
difference btw means
#ppl tested (size of sample)
    mre ppl studied= mre significant
variability
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33
Q

error

A

impossible to avoid
not big deal
random variab. in data

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34
Q

bias

A 
non-random var.
ruins research
can be avoided
 ex. pbr and coke 
           cannot tell if it's ppl own personality or actual test
35
Q

error v bias target example

A

average of all points on error = truth
average all points on bias = false truth bc “bullseye” is altered location
*two can combine

36
Q

nervous system function

A 
recieves sensory messages
 ex. poke of pen
organizes information
 ex. coordinate reaction and reflex
sends messages to rest of body to adapt
  ex. moves hand back
37
Q

3 types neurons

A 
sensory
  (stimuli/ poke)
interneurons
  (CNS)
motorneurons
  (hand)
38
Q

reliable

A

if same result happens multiple times

ex. color and IQ

39
Q

valid

A

if results predict what supposed to predict
ex. color and IQ NOT valid
if it is valid it is reliable
validity = reliability

40
Q

observer expectancy results

A

ex. therapist and autism
observer sees/ hears what they want to see/hear
ruins experiment
avoided by using blind observer

41
Q

solution eliminate expec. results

A

double blind study
blind observer
blind subject

42
Q

subject expectancy results

A

ex. placebo affect
person acts according to what they believe should happen
ex. sugar pill v pain pill

43
Q

ethics

A

right to privacy
don’t harm animals unless have to
humans need informed consent
briefing and risks explained

44
Q

deception

A

is allowed by researchers
used to avoid subject expectan. results
have to tell subject truth/ explanation at end of experiment
ex. sentence grammar and reaction time

45
Q

dendrites

A

branch like off soma (cell body)

receive chemical signals

46
Q

axon

A

relay electrical signals

long branch off body

47
Q

axon terminal

A

“end bulbs”
send chemical messages
neurotransmitter

48
Q

sympathetic

A 
excitatory
"fight or flight"
inc. blood pressure + heart rate
during intense act.
dig. system slows down
49
Q

parasympathetic

A

helps conserve energy

inhibitory

50
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

skeletal and autonomic

51
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

52
Q

PSNS

A

rest neurons off CNS that extend into body

53
Q

evolution of stress

A

sympath. always activated

causes mental and physical harm from overstim.

54
Q

motor and sensor. of cortex control

A

movements + speaking

55
Q

associ. areas of cortex control

A

perception, thought/ decision making

56
Q

thalamus fun.

A

filters sensory info

relays to o/ prts brain

57
Q

cerebellum fun.

A

voluntary movement

58
Q

limbic system fun.

A

emotion and memory

59
Q

amygdala fun.

A

regulating perceptions and reactions to fear

60
Q

hypothalamus fun.

A

body temp

hunger, thirst and sex

61
Q

hippocampus fun.

A

long term mem.

62
Q

pons fun.

A

balance and walking

63
Q

medulla fun.

A

heart rate and breathing

64
Q

reticular formation fun.

A

eating and sleeping

filters stimuli frm spinal cord

65
Q

basal ganglia fun.

A

motor control and function

66
Q

contralateral signals and movements

A

L controls R

R controls L

67
Q

primary motor cortex

A

process information from senses

68
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

signals received from muscles for mvmnt

69
Q

fine motor neurons

A

allotted more area in physical cortex

70
Q

left cortex

A

language

71
Q

right cortex

A

visual-spatial

72
Q

both visual fields controlled by

A

right and left hemispheres

73
Q

synapse

A

gap btw pre/post neurons

communicated via neurochem.

74
Q

sending neuron charac.

A

presyn mem
axon terminal
neurotrans

75
Q

receiving neuron charac.

A

postsynapt. mem
dendrite (musc. cell)
receptors/ binding sites

76
Q

neuron mem.

A

semi-permeable
high K conc. inside
high Na conc. outside

77
Q

excitatory action pot

A

partial depolar (more +)
Na floods cell
activates action pot.

78
Q

inhibitory action pot

A 
K+ exits cell 
or Cl- floods in
makes more - 
repolarize
discourages action pot.
79
Q

inhib v excitatory factors

A

frequency of stimuli

distance from axon hillock

80
Q

partial depolar

A

occurs in dendrites and soma

chemically stimulated

81
Q

axon stimuli

A

electrical

82
Q

depolarization

A

-50

Na in

83
Q

repolarization

A

-30
K+ out
or Cl- in

84
Q

Na, K pump

A 
restores homeostasis
normal
  Na out 
  K in
repo.
  K out
  Na in
depol
  k out
  Na in

Psychology 101 (7 decks)

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