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AP World History > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What characterized pre-Islamic Arabia

A

Zoroastrians, Hebrews, and Christians lived with the Arabs

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2
Q

Which region was the most thoroughly Islamized by 1500

A

Anatolia

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3
Q

What was a source of unity that held the Islamic world together

A

Islamic education/the Ulamma

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4
Q

What term relates to the Islamic pilgrimage

A

Hajj

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5
Q

What was a role filled by the Ulamma

A

Judges

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6
Q

An Arab innovation

A

Algebra

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7
Q

What best characterizes the spread of Islam when compared to Buddhism and Christianity

A

It spread relatively quickly

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8
Q

What area did not see interaction with Islam

A

America

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9
Q

What is true about Islam’s spread across the Sahara Desert

A

It was easy because of Arabian camels

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10
Q

Who is considered he founder of Islam

A

Muhammad

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11
Q

What is true about Western Christianity before 1000 CE

A

It was a localized social group

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12
Q

What allowed the Byzantine Empire to last longer than the Roman Empire

A

A stronger military

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13
Q

What best describes the spread of Christianity throughout Europe between 500-1000 CE

A

Christianity absorbed pagan traditions and incorporated them

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14
Q

What best describes the status of Christians in North Africa and the Middle East

A

They were shrinking societies of second-class citizens

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15
Q

What effect did urbanization and economic growth affect women in the High Middle Ages

A

Women could practice trades and train female apprentices

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16
Q

What is an example of Europeans borrowing technology from other cultures

A

Gunpowder cannons

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17
Q

What defined the social structure of Medieval Europe

A

Feudalism/Manorialism

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18
Q

Where did Europeans borrow ideas of perpetual motion from

A

Indian philosophers

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19
Q

What class’ labor was the manorial system based on

A

Serfs

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20
Q

What is an example of Europeans expansion and organization during the 11th and 14th centuries

A

The Crusades

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21
Q

What practical art was astronomical observation related to

A

Navigation

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22
Q

What contributed to the mass conversion of people living in the Middle East to Islam by the eighth century

A

Conversion to Islam offered many financial and social benefits

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23
Q

To what people was scholarship in medieval Islam open to

A

Males

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24
Q

What resulted from Muslim rule in Spain

A

The secular aspects of Islamic learning influenced the shaping of a new European civilization

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25
Q

What did Islam need to cross in order to spread to the city of Timbuktu in the Kingdom of Mali

A

The Sahara Desert

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26
Q

What are the requirements for all Muslims

A

Almsgiving, exception of Muhammad as the witness of God, pray five times a day, fast, and pilgrimage to Mecca

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27
Q

What was a feature of Islam that went against the Hindu tradition in India

A

The notion of equality among all believers

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28
Q

What was the furthest extent of Islam in Europe

A

Spain

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29
Q

What Kingdom separated the Byzantine Greek Roman Empire from the German Holy Roman Empire

A

Hungary

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30
Q

What brought the Byzantine Empire to an end

A

The fall of Constantinople

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31
Q

What was essential for worship to Medieval Christians

A

Images

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32
Q

What is an example of how Christianity was reinterpreted as it spread throughout Asia and Africa

A

Jesus Sutras

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33
Q

What did Byzantine religious culture have an effect on during the eleventh century

A

Slavic-speaking people’s in the Balkans and Russia

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34
Q

Who made extensive use of inland waterways to launch invasions

A

Vikings

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35
Q

What feature of the Byzantine Empire did the new civilization of Kievan Rus adopt

A

The political ideals of imperial control of the church

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36
Q

What characterizes the spread of Christianity throughout Europe

A

Earlier cultural practices were absorbed into the Christian Tradition

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37
Q

Which crusade involved the largest number of regions

A

The First Crusade

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38
Q

What was the Byzantine Empire devoid of during its peak

A

Major inland waterways

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39
Q

What differences separated the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

A

The Roman Catholic Church maintained some degree of independence from political authorities, Greek in the Eastern Orthodox Church versus Latin in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox seemed inspiration from Greek philosophers, the nature of the trinity, the relative importance of faith and reason, the veneration of icons, Byzantine priests were allowed to grow beards and get married, Orthodox ritual called for leavened bread during the mass, Orthodox did not believe in the Pope as the final authority for all Christians

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40
Q

In what ways did the Roman civilization survive in Western Europe

A

The Germanic peoples who invaded or migrated into Roman lands were often deeply influenced by Roman culture, Germanic rulers embraced Roman law, some Germanic kingdoms seemed to create the unity exhibited by the Roman Empire

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41
Q

Jihad

A

Personal spiritual striving; soul better than the sword

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42
Q

What does the image of prophets depict

A

Muhammad leading other prophets in prayer

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43
Q

What does the the image of Muslims listening to the man reading represent

A

Muslims are people of the book

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44
Q

What characterizes Sunnis

A

There was much tension between them and the rest of the world

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45
Q

Who resisted Islam in Europe

A

The Berbers and Spanish Christians

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46
Q

What religions was Islam lenient towards

A

Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism

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47
Q

What was good about the Islamic empire for the people’s it conquered

A

It had light taxes and it favored commerce

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48
Q

How much of the Persian Empire converted to Islam

A

80%

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49
Q

What came along with adoption of Islam

A

People became more Arabic

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50
Q

What language was the Quran written in

A

Persian

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51
Q

Who assumed Muhammad’s title after his death

A

Abu Bakr

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52
Q

Who became the caliph after Abu Bakr

A

Omar

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53
Q

Who was Omar

A

A companion of Muhammad

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54
Q

Who succeeds Omar

A

His son Ali

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55
Q

Who did the Sunni believe should be the caliph

A

A caliph chosen by the people

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56
Q

Who did the Shi’a believe should be the caliph

A

Caliphs should be chosen through relation to Muhammad

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57
Q

What eventually happened to the Islamic Empire

A

Caliphs eventually became absolute rulers

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58
Q

What characterized the Umayyad caliphate

A

It was a time of expansion

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59
Q

What characterized the Abbasid caliphate

A

It was a time of religious discovery

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60
Q

What did the Sufi believe was the way to practice Islam

A

Through song and weed

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61
Q

Where was the first Islamic clan

A

Medina

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62
Q

What were the differences between the rise of Islam versus the rise of Christianity

A

Islam was not a persecuted minority and Islam didn’t separate church and state

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63
Q

What allowed the Islamic Empire to rise

A

The Sassanid and Byzantine Empires were weakened from fighting one another

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64
Q

What helped the Arabs get rich

A

Economic capture

65
Q

What helped ensure soldier loyalty in the Islamic Empire

A

Soldiers were paid

66
Q

What is the Umma

A

The Islamic world

67
Q

How did soldiers help the Umma

A

They conquered new lands with people which would be converted to Islam

68
Q

What was good about Islamic conquest

A

They didn’t occupy the lands they conquered and they let already established government officials keep their positions

69
Q

Who brought Islam to India

A

Turkic people’s

70
Q

What attracted India to Islam

A

The notion of equality

71
Q

What group of people related to Indians

A

The Sufis because they were similar to Indian mystics

72
Q

Did the Muslims make Hindus change their religion

A

No

73
Q

What did Islam assume control over

A

The Middle East, part of Tang China, India, and part of Eurasia following the fall of Constantinople

74
Q

What resulted from people staying Christian in Spain

A

Discrimination against the Christian minority

75
Q

What was the most powerful Islamic state

A

The Ottoman Empire

76
Q

What happened in 732 C.E.

A

Christianity almost disappeared from Arabia and Islamic forces seized Jerusalem

77
Q

What characterized the conversion of Christians in Syria and Persia

A

Some Christians converted willingly

78
Q

What religion survived the Islamic conquest in Syria, Iraq, and Persia

A

Nestorian Christianity

79
Q

What branch of Christianity converted to Islam

A

Coptic Christians

80
Q

What branch of Christianity was an exception to Islamic domination

A

Ethiopian Christianity

81
Q

When did Axum adopt Christianity

A

The 4th century

82
Q

What was unique about Axummite churches

A

They were built underground

83
Q

Who was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire

A

Justinian

84
Q

What happened to the Roman Empire as a result of Islamic conquest

A

The Roman Empire was reduced to less than 50% of its original size

85
Q

What areas did Justinian conquer

A

North Africa and Southern Europe

86
Q

Who helped Justinian reconstruct Roman law

A

John the Cappadocian

87
Q

What did Justinian do for the Christian world

A

He began reconstruction of The Hague Sophia

88
Q

What led to the collapse of Justinian’s rule

A

Constant warfare wasted money, Arab/Islamic expansion, politics centralized around an emperor

89
Q

When did the Byzantine territory begin to shrink

A

1085

90
Q

When did the Byzantine Empire fall

A

1453

91
Q

Who did the Byzantine Empire fall to

A

The Ottoman Turks

92
Q

What does the term caesaropapism mean

A

The leader of the state is also the Pope

93
Q

What did Eastern Orthodox Christianity do in the Byzantine Empire

A

It legitimated imperial rule, provided cultural identity, pervaded many aspects of life, caused common people to engage in theological disputes

94
Q

What were the centers of Christianity

A

Constantinople and Rome

95
Q

What were the Crusades meant to do

A

Take back the Holy Land

96
Q

During what crusade did Constantinople get destroyed

A

The fourth Crusade

97
Q

Who conquered Persia

A

Islam

98
Q

How did the Byzantine Empire survive in the Mediterranean

A

Byzantine currency was relevant for 500 years following the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the Ancient Greek language persisted in the Mediterranean

99
Q

What best describes the conversion of Vikings to Christianity

A

A top-down process

100
Q

Who was at the top of the top-down process which converted Vikings to Christianity

A

King Vladimir of Kiev

101
Q

What was an example of Russian embrace of Christianity

A

Moscow was considered a third center of Christianity

102
Q

What led to the collapse of the Roman Empire

A

Centralized rule vanished, land shrunk, agriculture dwindled, trade decreased, literacy decreased

103
Q

Who became dominant in Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire

A

Western Germanic people’s

104
Q

Who became the first Holy Roman Emperor following the collapse of the Roman Empire

A

Otto I of Saxony

105
Q

What allowed trade to flourish after 750 CE

A

The end of the Ice Age

106
Q

What does the 14th century painting represent

A

Tension between political and religious authorities and the futile attempt to revive the Roman Empire

107
Q

What served as a sign of the rise of a competing religion to Jerusalem and Christianity

A

The Dome of the Rock

108
Q

What was unique about the Ethiopian church of St. George

A

It was constructed underground

109
Q

What does the painting demonstrate

A

Urbanization and commercialization

110
Q

During which crusade did the Christians seize Jerusalem

A

The first crusade

111
Q

What happened to Europe during the Middle Ages

A

Town and city populations rose, guilds were formed to protect interests and trading rights, growth of territorial states, birth of Medieval bureaucrats

112
Q

What European people did not develop territorial states

A

Vikings

113
Q

When did opportunity in the city start to decline for women

A

15th century

114
Q

What was appealing about religious life to women

A

They were given an education and allowed to work

115
Q

What was the new definition of masculinity

A

Those who could provide

116
Q

What happened during the Byzantine decline

A

Christendom expanded

117
Q

When did the crusade movement begin

A

1095

118
Q

Why were the Crusades popular among commoners

A

They were told it was a way to get into heaven

119
Q

How many Crusades were there

A

13 Crusades

120
Q

What happened during the Iberian Crusade

A

There was an attack on Spain

121
Q

What happened during the Baltic Crusade

A

Their was an attack on the European Muslim East

122
Q

How did Islam build on the teachings of Judaism and Christianity

A

Allah’s message to Muhammad was believed to be the final revelation

123
Q

How did Muhammad first influence Mecca to join Islam

A

He destroyed the Kaaba and converted it into a shrine for Allah

124
Q

What was the Kaaba

A

The cube where everyone would gather to worship their own gods

125
Q

What was the jizya

A

The tax imposed on all non-Muslims

126
Q

What did the Abbasid caliphate do for non-Muslims in the Islamic Empire

A

It gave them more prominent roles in the Empire

127
Q

What did Islam do for women

A

Early Islam gave women property rights, inheritance, and dowry control

128
Q

What is Sikhism

A

A combination of Islam and Hinduism which believed in a central god, but also believed in reincarnation and karma

129
Q

How much of Spain converted to Islam

A

75%

130
Q

How did Islam effect Christians in Spain

A

Christians in Spain learned Arabic, veiled their women, stopped eating pork, gained a taste for Islamic music and art, and churches incorporated Islamic artistic and architectural styles

131
Q

What are some of the accomplishments of Islam

A

Diagnosis of hay fever, measles, smallpox, diphtheria, rabies, and diabetes

132
Q

What was the House of Wisdom

A

A library in Baghdad full of books translated from all over the world

133
Q

What is Al-Andalus

A

Islam’s main encounter with Christian Europe

134
Q

What were Madrassas

A

Colleges that offered better education in the religion of Islam

135
Q

What is Sharia

A

Law that regulated political, economic, social, and religious life

136
Q

What caused the growth of Syrian Nestorium Christianity

A

It supported Islamic rule

137
Q

What was a distinctive characteristic of Syrian Nestorium Christianity

A

There were no divine paintings or sculptures

138
Q

What helped the spread of Chinese Christianity

A

It was associated with Daoism and Buddhist concepts

139
Q

What led to the decline of Chinese Christianity

A

The Chinese government in the mid-ninth century turned against foreign religions

140
Q

What are some distinctive characteristics of Chinese Nestorium Christianity

A

Sin was referred to as bad karma, a good life was considered one without desire, all Buddha’s were considered to be moved by the wind that is God

141
Q

What helped the spread of Nubian Christianity

A

It was legally protected under the Arabs,

142
Q

What caused Arabs to take a more hostile stance towards Nubian Christians

A

The Crusades and Mongol invasions

143
Q

What effect did Christianity have on Egyptian culture

A

Burying treasure and servants with Kong’s was no longer practiced, kings occasionally served as priests, bishops held state positions

144
Q

What was the Eastern Orthodox stance towards Egyptian Christians

A

They considered them heretics

145
Q

What language did Egyptian Christians speak

A

Coptic

146
Q

What languages was the Bible translated into in Egypt

A

Nubian, Arabic, and Ge’ez

147
Q

What language was used to convert the Turkic-speaking Bulgars and Balkan Slavic peoples

A

Cyrillic script

148
Q

What characterized Russian Christianity

A

Christians still listened to witches and received images from the thunder god Perun

149
Q

What attracted people to Western European Christianity

A

It promises supernatural favor and miracles and offered women an escape from patriarchal Europe

150
Q

What did Western European Christianity do for Europe

A

It filled the hierarchal void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, it made people believe that they should stay within their station of life,

151
Q

What characterized Western European Christianity

A

Worship of amulets and charms, construction of churches on ancient sacred wells, Christian holidays on days celebrating pagan gods

152
Q

What characterized Western European Christianity’s interpretation of religion

A

European universities were built so that scholars could pursue their studies with freedom from the dictates of religion or political authority, human reason was applied to the areas of science and law, Aristotle’s ideas were incorporated into the presentation of the Christian doctrine

153
Q

Who populated Kievan Rus

A

Finnic people, Baltic people, Viking traders

154
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire

A

The empire of Charlemagne

155
Q

Who was Charlemagne

A

A ruler of the Franks

156
Q

What did the Holy Roman Empire encompass

A

Germany

157
Q

What were the Jesus Sutras

A

The texts in China that encouraged the Christian message through Buddhist and Daoist concepts

158
Q

What is feudalism

A

A system in which nobles were given land by the king in exchange for military service. These nobles would then provide peasants and serfs on their land military protection in exchange for homage, labor, and a share of produce

AP World History (7 decks)

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