Exam 2 Flashcards
What characterized pre-Islamic Arabia
Zoroastrians, Hebrews, and Christians lived with the Arabs
Which region was the most thoroughly Islamized by 1500
Anatolia
What was a source of unity that held the Islamic world together
Islamic education/the Ulamma
What term relates to the Islamic pilgrimage
Hajj
What was a role filled by the Ulamma
Judges
An Arab innovation
Algebra
What best characterizes the spread of Islam when compared to Buddhism and Christianity
It spread relatively quickly
What area did not see interaction with Islam
America
What is true about Islam’s spread across the Sahara Desert
It was easy because of Arabian camels
Who is considered he founder of Islam
Muhammad
What is true about Western Christianity before 1000 CE
It was a localized social group
What allowed the Byzantine Empire to last longer than the Roman Empire
A stronger military
What best describes the spread of Christianity throughout Europe between 500-1000 CE
Christianity absorbed pagan traditions and incorporated them
What best describes the status of Christians in North Africa and the Middle East
They were shrinking societies of second-class citizens
What effect did urbanization and economic growth affect women in the High Middle Ages
Women could practice trades and train female apprentices
What is an example of Europeans borrowing technology from other cultures
Gunpowder cannons
What defined the social structure of Medieval Europe
Feudalism/Manorialism
Where did Europeans borrow ideas of perpetual motion from
Indian philosophers
What class’ labor was the manorial system based on
Serfs
What is an example of Europeans expansion and organization during the 11th and 14th centuries
The Crusades
What practical art was astronomical observation related to
Navigation
What contributed to the mass conversion of people living in the Middle East to Islam by the eighth century
Conversion to Islam offered many financial and social benefits
To what people was scholarship in medieval Islam open to
Males
What resulted from Muslim rule in Spain
The secular aspects of Islamic learning influenced the shaping of a new European civilization
What did Islam need to cross in order to spread to the city of Timbuktu in the Kingdom of Mali
The Sahara Desert
What are the requirements for all Muslims
Almsgiving, exception of Muhammad as the witness of God, pray five times a day, fast, and pilgrimage to Mecca
What was a feature of Islam that went against the Hindu tradition in India
The notion of equality among all believers
What was the furthest extent of Islam in Europe
Spain
What Kingdom separated the Byzantine Greek Roman Empire from the German Holy Roman Empire
Hungary
What brought the Byzantine Empire to an end
The fall of Constantinople
What was essential for worship to Medieval Christians
Images
What is an example of how Christianity was reinterpreted as it spread throughout Asia and Africa
Jesus Sutras
What did Byzantine religious culture have an effect on during the eleventh century
Slavic-speaking people’s in the Balkans and Russia
Who made extensive use of inland waterways to launch invasions
Vikings
What feature of the Byzantine Empire did the new civilization of Kievan Rus adopt
The political ideals of imperial control of the church
What characterizes the spread of Christianity throughout Europe
Earlier cultural practices were absorbed into the Christian Tradition
Which crusade involved the largest number of regions
The First Crusade
What was the Byzantine Empire devoid of during its peak
Major inland waterways
What differences separated the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches
The Roman Catholic Church maintained some degree of independence from political authorities, Greek in the Eastern Orthodox Church versus Latin in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox seemed inspiration from Greek philosophers, the nature of the trinity, the relative importance of faith and reason, the veneration of icons, Byzantine priests were allowed to grow beards and get married, Orthodox ritual called for leavened bread during the mass, Orthodox did not believe in the Pope as the final authority for all Christians
In what ways did the Roman civilization survive in Western Europe
The Germanic peoples who invaded or migrated into Roman lands were often deeply influenced by Roman culture, Germanic rulers embraced Roman law, some Germanic kingdoms seemed to create the unity exhibited by the Roman Empire
Jihad
Personal spiritual striving; soul better than the sword
What does the image of prophets depict
Muhammad leading other prophets in prayer
What does the the image of Muslims listening to the man reading represent
Muslims are people of the book
What characterizes Sunnis
There was much tension between them and the rest of the world
Who resisted Islam in Europe
The Berbers and Spanish Christians
What religions was Islam lenient towards
Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism
What was good about the Islamic empire for the people’s it conquered
It had light taxes and it favored commerce
How much of the Persian Empire converted to Islam
80%
What came along with adoption of Islam
People became more Arabic
What language was the Quran written in
Persian
Who assumed Muhammad’s title after his death
Abu Bakr
Who became the caliph after Abu Bakr
Omar
Who was Omar
A companion of Muhammad
Who succeeds Omar
His son Ali
Who did the Sunni believe should be the caliph
A caliph chosen by the people
Who did the Shi’a believe should be the caliph
Caliphs should be chosen through relation to Muhammad
What eventually happened to the Islamic Empire
Caliphs eventually became absolute rulers
What characterized the Umayyad caliphate
It was a time of expansion
What characterized the Abbasid caliphate
It was a time of religious discovery
What did the Sufi believe was the way to practice Islam
Through song and weed
Where was the first Islamic clan
Medina
What were the differences between the rise of Islam versus the rise of Christianity
Islam was not a persecuted minority and Islam didn’t separate church and state
What allowed the Islamic Empire to rise
The Sassanid and Byzantine Empires were weakened from fighting one another
What helped the Arabs get rich
Economic capture
What helped ensure soldier loyalty in the Islamic Empire
Soldiers were paid
What is the Umma
The Islamic world
How did soldiers help the Umma
They conquered new lands with people which would be converted to Islam
What was good about Islamic conquest
They didn’t occupy the lands they conquered and they let already established government officials keep their positions
Who brought Islam to India
Turkic people’s
What attracted India to Islam
The notion of equality
What group of people related to Indians
The Sufis because they were similar to Indian mystics
Did the Muslims make Hindus change their religion
No
What did Islam assume control over
The Middle East, part of Tang China, India, and part of Eurasia following the fall of Constantinople
What resulted from people staying Christian in Spain
Discrimination against the Christian minority
What was the most powerful Islamic state
The Ottoman Empire
What happened in 732 C.E.
Christianity almost disappeared from Arabia and Islamic forces seized Jerusalem
What characterized the conversion of Christians in Syria and Persia
Some Christians converted willingly
What religion survived the Islamic conquest in Syria, Iraq, and Persia
Nestorian Christianity
What branch of Christianity converted to Islam
Coptic Christians
What branch of Christianity was an exception to Islamic domination
Ethiopian Christianity
When did Axum adopt Christianity
The 4th century
What was unique about Axummite churches
They were built underground
Who was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian
What happened to the Roman Empire as a result of Islamic conquest
The Roman Empire was reduced to less than 50% of its original size
What areas did Justinian conquer
North Africa and Southern Europe
Who helped Justinian reconstruct Roman law
John the Cappadocian
What did Justinian do for the Christian world
He began reconstruction of The Hague Sophia
What led to the collapse of Justinian’s rule
Constant warfare wasted money, Arab/Islamic expansion, politics centralized around an emperor
When did the Byzantine territory begin to shrink
1085
When did the Byzantine Empire fall
1453
Who did the Byzantine Empire fall to
The Ottoman Turks
What does the term caesaropapism mean
The leader of the state is also the Pope
What did Eastern Orthodox Christianity do in the Byzantine Empire
It legitimated imperial rule, provided cultural identity, pervaded many aspects of life, caused common people to engage in theological disputes
What were the centers of Christianity
Constantinople and Rome
What were the Crusades meant to do
Take back the Holy Land
During what crusade did Constantinople get destroyed
The fourth Crusade
Who conquered Persia
Islam
How did the Byzantine Empire survive in the Mediterranean
Byzantine currency was relevant for 500 years following the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the Ancient Greek language persisted in the Mediterranean
What best describes the conversion of Vikings to Christianity
A top-down process
Who was at the top of the top-down process which converted Vikings to Christianity
King Vladimir of Kiev
What was an example of Russian embrace of Christianity
Moscow was considered a third center of Christianity
What led to the collapse of the Roman Empire
Centralized rule vanished, land shrunk, agriculture dwindled, trade decreased, literacy decreased
Who became dominant in Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire
Western Germanic people’s
Who became the first Holy Roman Emperor following the collapse of the Roman Empire
Otto I of Saxony
What allowed trade to flourish after 750 CE
The end of the Ice Age
What does the 14th century painting represent
Tension between political and religious authorities and the futile attempt to revive the Roman Empire
What served as a sign of the rise of a competing religion to Jerusalem and Christianity
The Dome of the Rock
What was unique about the Ethiopian church of St. George
It was constructed underground
What does the painting demonstrate
Urbanization and commercialization
During which crusade did the Christians seize Jerusalem
The first crusade
What happened to Europe during the Middle Ages
Town and city populations rose, guilds were formed to protect interests and trading rights, growth of territorial states, birth of Medieval bureaucrats
What European people did not develop territorial states
Vikings
When did opportunity in the city start to decline for women
15th century
What was appealing about religious life to women
They were given an education and allowed to work
What was the new definition of masculinity
Those who could provide
What happened during the Byzantine decline
Christendom expanded
When did the crusade movement begin
1095
Why were the Crusades popular among commoners
They were told it was a way to get into heaven
How many Crusades were there
13 Crusades
What happened during the Iberian Crusade
There was an attack on Spain
What happened during the Baltic Crusade
Their was an attack on the European Muslim East
How did Islam build on the teachings of Judaism and Christianity
Allah’s message to Muhammad was believed to be the final revelation
How did Muhammad first influence Mecca to join Islam
He destroyed the Kaaba and converted it into a shrine for Allah
What was the Kaaba
The cube where everyone would gather to worship their own gods
What was the jizya
The tax imposed on all non-Muslims
What did the Abbasid caliphate do for non-Muslims in the Islamic Empire
It gave them more prominent roles in the Empire
What did Islam do for women
Early Islam gave women property rights, inheritance, and dowry control
What is Sikhism
A combination of Islam and Hinduism which believed in a central god, but also believed in reincarnation and karma
How much of Spain converted to Islam
75%
How did Islam effect Christians in Spain
Christians in Spain learned Arabic, veiled their women, stopped eating pork, gained a taste for Islamic music and art, and churches incorporated Islamic artistic and architectural styles
What are some of the accomplishments of Islam
Diagnosis of hay fever, measles, smallpox, diphtheria, rabies, and diabetes
What was the House of Wisdom
A library in Baghdad full of books translated from all over the world
What is Al-Andalus
Islam’s main encounter with Christian Europe
What were Madrassas
Colleges that offered better education in the religion of Islam
What is Sharia
Law that regulated political, economic, social, and religious life
What caused the growth of Syrian Nestorium Christianity
It supported Islamic rule
What was a distinctive characteristic of Syrian Nestorium Christianity
There were no divine paintings or sculptures
What helped the spread of Chinese Christianity
It was associated with Daoism and Buddhist concepts
What led to the decline of Chinese Christianity
The Chinese government in the mid-ninth century turned against foreign religions
What are some distinctive characteristics of Chinese Nestorium Christianity
Sin was referred to as bad karma, a good life was considered one without desire, all Buddha’s were considered to be moved by the wind that is God
What helped the spread of Nubian Christianity
It was legally protected under the Arabs,
What caused Arabs to take a more hostile stance towards Nubian Christians
The Crusades and Mongol invasions
What effect did Christianity have on Egyptian culture
Burying treasure and servants with Kong’s was no longer practiced, kings occasionally served as priests, bishops held state positions
What was the Eastern Orthodox stance towards Egyptian Christians
They considered them heretics
What language did Egyptian Christians speak
Coptic
What languages was the Bible translated into in Egypt
Nubian, Arabic, and Ge’ez
What language was used to convert the Turkic-speaking Bulgars and Balkan Slavic peoples
Cyrillic script
What characterized Russian Christianity
Christians still listened to witches and received images from the thunder god Perun
What attracted people to Western European Christianity
It promises supernatural favor and miracles and offered women an escape from patriarchal Europe
What did Western European Christianity do for Europe
It filled the hierarchal void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, it made people believe that they should stay within their station of life,
What characterized Western European Christianity
Worship of amulets and charms, construction of churches on ancient sacred wells, Christian holidays on days celebrating pagan gods
What characterized Western European Christianity’s interpretation of religion
European universities were built so that scholars could pursue their studies with freedom from the dictates of religion or political authority, human reason was applied to the areas of science and law, Aristotle’s ideas were incorporated into the presentation of the Christian doctrine
Who populated Kievan Rus
Finnic people, Baltic people, Viking traders
What was the Holy Roman Empire
The empire of Charlemagne
Who was Charlemagne
A ruler of the Franks
What did the Holy Roman Empire encompass
Germany
What were the Jesus Sutras
The texts in China that encouraged the Christian message through Buddhist and Daoist concepts
What is feudalism
A system in which nobles were given land by the king in exchange for military service. These nobles would then provide peasants and serfs on their land military protection in exchange for homage, labor, and a share of produce
