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AP World History > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What religions were influenced by Zoastrianism

A

Islam, Christianity, Judaism

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2
Q

What was Legalism

A

A harsh system of punishments and rewards

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3
Q

What was Greek rationalism renowned for

A

Belief in the supremacy of human reasoning

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4
Q

What is the holy text of Hinduism

A

The Bhagavad Gita

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5
Q

How was society in ancient India organized

A

By a caste system supported by religious teachings

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6
Q

In what way did Buddhism reject the Hindu caste system

A

Rejection of the caste system and the authority of the Brahmins

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7
Q

In what way was Christianity changed after its emergence as a religion

A

It went from small egalitarian churches to large male dominated churches

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8
Q

What experience did Jesus and the Buddha share

A

Both were transformed into divine figures by the followers

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9
Q

What form of Buddhism was formed in China and Korea

A

Mahayana Buddhism

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10
Q

What state did Meroe have a cultural exchange with

A

Egypt

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11
Q

What languages were spoken by southern African settlers

A

Bantu

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12
Q

What culture had a complex and expressive written language

A

Mayan

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13
Q

What variant of Christianity was practiced in Axum

A

Coptic Christianity

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14
Q

What purpose did Teotihuacan serve in ancient Mesoamerica

A

It was a city of religious significance with many alters to the gods

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15
Q

What did Confucianism place importance on

A

Tradition

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16
Q

What is the underlying principle of the universe according to Lao-Tzu

A

Tao

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17
Q

What was unique about the cultures of Bantu Africa and North America

A

They didn’t develop empires

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18
Q

Where was the hunter—gatherer lifestyle the norm

A

Bantu, American Eastern Woodland, Pueblo

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19
Q

What was the relationship between the Andean and Mesoamerican empires

A

They had little to no contact with each other

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20
Q

What concept is central to Hindu religion and society

A

Samsara

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21
Q

Where did Christianity and Buddhism make inroads into

A

Eastern Persia, Central Asia, Southern India

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22
Q

What transportation infrastructure did Christianity spread along

A

Roman Empire

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23
Q

What was the eastern-most extent of early Buddhism penetration

A

Korean Peninsula

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24
Q

What was one of the tenets of Buddhist society

A

Each social class owes respect to it’s superior

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25
Q

Who were the lowest people in Confucian society

A

Laborers and farmers

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26
Q

What would Han dynasty hierarchy illustrate about Confucianism

A

It’s emphasis on structured society

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27
Q

What was the painting by Wang Shugu meant to portray

A

Confucius presenting a baby Buddha to Lao Tzu

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28
Q

Who were the most important parts of Legalistic society

A

Soldiers and farmers

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29
Q

Who was Confucius

A

A learned and ambitious philosopher

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30
Q

What is Confucianism based off of

A

A book of teachings compiled by Confucius’ students and notes from later philosophers

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31
Q

What books do Confucians abide by

A

The analects

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32
Q

What reforms did Confucius propose for society

A

Rulers should be benevolent so subjects will be obedient, rulers should be educated and ritualistic so that their subjects will seek to better themselves

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33
Q

Who wrote ”Lessons for Women”

A

Ban Zhao

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34
Q

What was the order of relationships in Qing and Confucian society

A

Ruler to ruled, father do son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend

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35
Q

What did Ban Zhao advocate for

A

Education for women so they better serve their husbands

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36
Q

What to principles were Confucian men supposed to abide by

A

Wen and wu

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37
Q

What is wen

A

Rationality, scholarship, and literary and artistic ability

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38
Q

What is wu

A

Physical and martial achievements

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39
Q

Where did Confucianism believe answers could be found

A

The past

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40
Q

Who was Laozi

A

A sixth-century b.c.e. archivist who founded Daoism

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41
Q

What did Daoism encourage

A

Natural behavior

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42
Q

What did Daoism focus on

A

Nature and relationships

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43
Q

What is the dao

A

The natural way of nature which is central to Daoism

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44
Q

What is the main difference between Daoism and Confucianism

A

Daoism seeks to live in nature, Confucianism seeks to tame nature

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45
Q

What were Chinese landscape paintings influenced by

A

The Daoism search for harmony with nature

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46
Q

How might an official balance Daoism with Confucianism

A

Confucianism in public, Daoism in private

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47
Q

What did Indian elite embrace

A

The divine and spiritual

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48
Q

What characterizes Hinduism

A

It was very diverse, but linked by a single concept of samsara

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49
Q

What are the holy texts of the Hindus

A

The vedas

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50
Q

What were the vedas

A

A collection of hymns, poems, prayers, and rituals

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51
Q

Who made more money: Brahmins or kings

A

Brahmins

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52
Q

What books went into more depth about what was written in the vedas

A

The Upanishads

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53
Q

What is Brahman

A

The Hindu concept of the world soul and ultimate reality which went beyond material things and the gods

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54
Q

What is the atman

A

The human soul

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55
Q

What is Moksha

A

Transcendence of the illusion of human life and the primary goal of all Hindus

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56
Q

What is Samsara

A

The wheel of reincarnation

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57
Q

What is karma

A

Good and bad deeds that are carried over into the next life

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58
Q

Who were Hindu women supposed to devote themselves to

A

Their fathers, followed by their husbands, followed by their sons

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59
Q

How did Hinduism empower women

A

It made sexual pleasure a goal for both sexes

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60
Q

In what century was an Indian manuscript made which depicted three men meditating after achieving the final stage of samsara

A

13-century

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61
Q

What are ways to achieve moksha

A

Knowledge of study, detached action in the world, passionate devotion to a deity, extended periods of meditation

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62
Q

At what age did Siddhartha Gautama start his religious journey

A

29

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63
Q

How long did Siddhartha Gautama practice religious experimentation

A

6 years

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64
Q

How long did Siddhartha Gautama meditate under a bodhi tree

A

49 days

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65
Q

What represents the Buddha’s enlightenment

A

The dot in the center of his forehead, his right hand touching the ground

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66
Q

What was the key to ending suffering according to Buddhism

A

Relinquishing individualism

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67
Q

What was the difference between Buddhism and Hinduism

A

Buddhism ridiculed rituals, gods, the caste system, and gender roles

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68
Q

What was the difference between the Buddhist monks and the Buddhist nuns

A

The Buddhist nuns were subordinate to the Buddhist monks

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69
Q

What helped Buddhist development

A

It’s translation to Pali

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70
Q

What were Bodhisattvas

A

People who had attained enlightenment who were trying to assist humanity

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71
Q

What was one of the major innovations of Buddhism

A

Acts of piety could be spread all over so that multiple people “cross the river” into enlightenment

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72
Q

Why did Buddhism decline in India

A

The invention of Islam and a hybrid between Hinduism and Buddhism

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73
Q

Who is Vishnu

A

The protector and preserver of creation

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74
Q

Who is Shiva

A

The divine destroyer

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75
Q

When was Zarathustra born

A

The sixth or seventh century b.c.e.

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76
Q

In what year was a cylinder depicting King Darius of Persia being protected by Ahura Mazda created

A

500 b.c.e.

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77
Q

Who was Ahura Mazda’s enemy

A

Angry Mainyu

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78
Q

Why did Zoastrianism die off

A

It didn’t become a missionary religion

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79
Q

What aspects of Christianity and Judaism is Zoastrianism responsible for

A

One god and a Messiah

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80
Q

When was Israel conquered by Assyria

A

722 b.c.e.

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81
Q

When was Judah conquered by Babylon

A

586 b.c.e.

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82
Q

What happened when Israel and Judah were conquered

A

The Hebrews were sent to live in different lands, therefore spreading their religion

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83
Q

What were exiled Hebrews called

A

Jews

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84
Q

What was the name of the Jewish god

A

Yahweh

85
Q

What was the personality of Yahweh

A

Selfish and accessible

86
Q

What made Yahweh appeal to the poor

A

A prophet named Isaiah said that Yahweh wouldn’t except empty rituals

87
Q

What did Jewish scripture tell us

A

The world is real and positively valued by God

88
Q

What were the two differing views on Yahweh

A

God of compassion, god of war

89
Q

Who was the main exemplar of Greek rationalism

A

Socrates

90
Q

When did Socrates live

A

496-399 b.c.e.

91
Q

Why was Socrates disliked by the public

A

He criticized Athenian democracy and praised the Spartans

92
Q

Who said that the moon simply reflects the sun’s light

A

Thales

93
Q

Who said the world is composed of triangles

A

Demcritus

94
Q

Who argued that the world is composed of unchanging mathematical equations

A

Pythagoras

95
Q

In what century was a mosaic depicting Plato talking to students and philosophers made

A

First-century b.c.e.

96
Q

What is the mosaic of Plato meant to illustrate

A

The importance of Greek philosophy and the setting in which Plato taught

97
Q

What did Plato think the perfect society was composed of

A

Educated warriors and philosopher kings

98
Q

Who was Aristotle

A

A philosopher who wrote about politics and science and believed virtue could be learned

99
Q

What was the ideal form of government according to Aristotle

A

A hybridization between monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy

100
Q

What represented Roman respect for Greek rationalism

A

Roman officials sent their children to an academy founded by Plato

101
Q

How did Greeks inspire western civilization

A

Formulating an updated Christian theology, fostering Europe’s Scientific Revolution, and creating a starting point for European philosophy

102
Q

Who was Karl Jaspers

A

A German philosopher

103
Q

What was the Axial Age

A

A term coined by Karl Jaspers which refers to a period characterized by great creativity that gave rise to new cultural traditions all across Eurasia

104
Q

In what time period did the Axial Age occur

A

800-200 b.c.e.

105
Q

What are some factors scientists blame for the Axial Age

A

Iron Age technology, prosperity in urban centers, increased trade and use of money, and political break-down

106
Q

What is an example of politics break-down during the Axial Age

A

The warring states period in China

107
Q

In what time did the warring states period occur

A

475-221 b.c.e.

108
Q

What did all Axial Age civilizations have in common

A

They seemed an alternative to polytheism that was higher than the sphere of human life

109
Q

What was different about traditions of the Axial Age

A

They weren’t about clarity or godly favor, but rather transforming one’s self with a higher order

110
Q

What was the main goal of Axial Age traditions

A

Living morally, controlling desire, taking the ego, and developing compassion

111
Q

What are the similarities between Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama

A

They both claimed to have been enlightened, urged the renunciation of wealth, determined love compassion to be the basis of a normal life, made divine by their followers

112
Q

What are the differences between Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama

A

Jesus was concerned with the supernatural while Siddhartha was concerned with the worldly, Jesus was crucified while the Buddha died of natural causes,

113
Q

Who is Saint Paul

A

A Roman concert to Christianity

114
Q

What did Saint Paul do for Christianity

A

He said Christian concerts didn’t need circumcision or the strict diet of Jews

115
Q

What is the similarity between Christianity and Buddhism

A

They don’t condone women as much

116
Q

Who is Perpetua

A

An upper-class woman from Carthage who, at age 22, turned to Christianity and refused to renounce her faith

117
Q

Who made a small Christian school in China

A

Alopen

118
Q

Who were the first people to adopt Christianity as a state religion

A

Armenians

119
Q

When did Christianity become the state religion of Axum

A

350 c.e.

120
Q

Where did Christianity spread

A

Spain, Northeast Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and India

121
Q

In which direction did Christianity spread the furthest

A

West

122
Q

Who revoked women’s privileges to become priests

A

Pope Gleason’s

123
Q

What is the difference between Christianity and Buddhism

A

Christianity went to war over difference while Buddhism did not

124
Q

What did Hinduism change to following Buddhist assimilation

A

Ritual and sacrifice to devotion and worship

125
Q

What is a representation that we must acknowledge what we don’t understand

A

Buddha’s enlightenment and Jesus’ forty days in the desert

126
Q

What represents Roman influence on Buddhism

A

The face of Apollo, Roman toga, and curly hair

127
Q

Who seduces the Buddha

A

The daughters of Mara

128
Q

What were the five venerable qualities seen by Sakuludayin in the Buddha

A

Eats little, content with any kind of robe, content with any kind of resting place, secluded and commends seclusion

129
Q

Who was Sunita the outcast

A

A lowly peasant who payed homage to others and was shunned in return

130
Q

How did Sunita eventually gain homage

A

The Buddha made him a monk, he went into the woods, he meditates in the woods, the gods Indra and Brahma paid homage to him

131
Q

How did the Buddha say one was a Brahmin

A

Austerity, celibacy, restraint, self-control

132
Q

Who was the laughing Buddha modeled after

A

Budai

133
Q

What did John Strong omit to make the Buddha more down to earth

A

His enlightenment

134
Q

What does Armstrong highlight about the Buddha

A

His teachings and his enlightenment

135
Q

What do Strong and Armstrong’s accounts of the Buddha have in common

A

They don’t detail his rise to enlightenment or the concept of the supernatural

136
Q

What is Pali

A

An Indian language

137
Q

Who most flocked to Buddhism

A

Upper-class women

138
Q

What are the three variations of Buddhism

A

Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism

139
Q

What is Mahayana Buddhism

A

A branch of Buddhism that believed in a divine Buddha

140
Q

What is Theravada Buddhism

A

A branch of Buddhism that believes in a worldly Buddha

141
Q

What is Tibetan Buddhism

A

A branch of Buddhism that believes in the Dali lama

142
Q

What do Buddhism and Hinduism agree on

A

Life is an illusion, karma and rebirth are real, one must overcome selfish desires

143
Q

What do Buddhism and Hinduism disagree on

A

Buddhism rejects the caste system, Buddhism didn’t believe in gods, Buddhism believed enlightenment could be achieved in a single lifetime

144
Q

What is Zoastrianism

A

The first monotheistic religion

145
Q

What was unique about Zoroastrianism

A

It was polytheistic and you could choose between good and evil

146
Q

What is the difference between Aristotle and Plato

A

Aristotle didn’t believe in the realm of forms

147
Q

Who spread Greek rationalism

A

Alexander the Great

148
Q

Who replaced the Roman Empire

A

The Islamic Empire

149
Q

Where is the Maya Temple of the Great Jaguar locates

A

Guatemala

150
Q

Where did second-wave civilizations develop in Africa

A

Upper-Nile Valley, northern Ethiopia, Niger River Valley

151
Q

What was Meroe

A

The central city of Nubian civilization

152
Q

What was unique about Merle’s queens

A

They dressed in women’s clothing

153
Q

What was the common the common Axummite language

A

Ge’ez

154
Q

Who adopted Christianity in Axum

A

King Ezuna

155
Q

In what time period was Axum’s imperial expansion

A

4th and 6th centuries

156
Q

In what year did Axum conquer Mecca

A

571 b.c.e.

157
Q

What brought people into the middle Niger

A

A prolonged dry period

158
Q

What are the similarities between the Americas and Africa

A

Their populations arrived during the Great Migration, hunter-gatherer societies

159
Q

What is the Agricultural Revolution

A

Abundance of food

160
Q

What was Meroe

A

An African civilization

161
Q

Who were the Mayans

A

A Mesoamerican civilization

162
Q

Who were the Inca

A

A Mesoamerican civilization

163
Q

What are the differences between American and African civilization

A

Africa had mountable animals

164
Q

What was the first civilization to develop in Africa

A

Egypt

165
Q

What was the Nubian agricultural system based off of

A

Rainfall

166
Q

Why did Meroe decline

A

Deforestation, conquered by Axum

167
Q

What was the Niger Valley Civilization social structure similar to

A

Panem social structure

168
Q

What did the Niger floodplain have

A

Agriculture and clay

169
Q

What were the two major centers of American civilization

A

Mesoamerica and the Andes

170
Q

What is vertical integration

A

An effort to control a variety of ecological zones where a number of different crops and animals could flourish

171
Q

What did the terra cotta statue in the Niger Valley represent

A

Resistance to Islam

172
Q

When did the Mayan civilization begin

A

2000 b.c.e.

173
Q

What were El Niño episodes

A

Dramatic changes in weather patterns caused by warming of the Pacific Ocean

174
Q

Where was Axum

A

Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia

175
Q

What did the townspeople of Axum speak

A

Ge’ez

176
Q

What language did the upper-class of Axum speak

A

Aja

177
Q

When did urbanization in the Niger River occur

A

30 b.c.e.-900 c.e.

178
Q

Who did Jenna-keno worship

A

Blacksmiths

179
Q

Who started civilization in Mesoamerica

A

The Olmecs

180
Q

What was a similarity between the Mayan and Greek civilizations

A

They both possessed warring city-states

181
Q

When was Teotihuacana founded

A

150 b.c.e.

182
Q

How much territory did Teotihuacana control

A

10,000 miles^2

183
Q

When did Teotihuacana collapse

A

650 c.e.

184
Q

What did the Aztecs call Teotihuacana

A

The city of the gods

185
Q

What did the Chavin de Huantar use to communicate

A

Knots

186
Q

What did the Wari use for agriculture

A

Snow melt

187
Q

What did the Tiwanaku use for agriculture

A

Elevated planting areas separated by canals

188
Q

What is Bantu migration

A

When individual families relocate and spread the Bantu culture, similar to Greeks

189
Q

What were the roles of men and women according to the Bantu

A

Bantu women were concerned with village life, Bantu men were concerned with forest life

190
Q

What is a kiva

A

A structure built partially underground

191
Q

What was the Chaco phenomenon

A

When multiple pueblos were being built in Chaco Canyon

192
Q

What is a Pueblo

A

A North American Indian settlement

193
Q

Who were mound-builders

A

Members of Mesoamerican hunter-gatherer societies

194
Q

When does the earliest mound date back to

A

4000 b.c.e.

195
Q

What is the Hopewell culture

A

An extremely advanced civilization of mound-builders

196
Q

When did people in New Zealand arrive

A

1200 c.e.

197
Q

What is mana

A

Spiritual energy or power obtained through remarkable actions and great success

198
Q

When was the height of the Moche Empire

A

100-800 c.e.

199
Q

What was the key to Moche success

A

Irrigation and diverse Moche diet of fish and agriculture

200
Q

What sabotages civilization the most

A

Ecological disturbance

201
Q

Where did the Wari live

A

The Eastern mountains

202
Q

Where did the Tiwanaku live

A

The western plains

203
Q

What was the Bates cultures

A

Evil equals evil

204
Q

What was unique about Bantu women

A

They got more rights

205
Q

What was unique about Bantu religion

A

Multiple revelations are possible

206
Q

When did the Cahokia culture develop

A

900-1250 c.e.

207
Q

What were Cahokia leaders called

A

Great sons

208
Q

What was unique about Cahokia upper-class

A

They were required to marry commoners

AP World History (7 decks)

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