Exam 1 Flashcards
What religions were influenced by Zoastrianism
Islam, Christianity, Judaism
What was Legalism
A harsh system of punishments and rewards
What was Greek rationalism renowned for
Belief in the supremacy of human reasoning
What is the holy text of Hinduism
The Bhagavad Gita
How was society in ancient India organized
By a caste system supported by religious teachings
In what way did Buddhism reject the Hindu caste system
Rejection of the caste system and the authority of the Brahmins
In what way was Christianity changed after its emergence as a religion
It went from small egalitarian churches to large male dominated churches
What experience did Jesus and the Buddha share
Both were transformed into divine figures by the followers
What form of Buddhism was formed in China and Korea
Mahayana Buddhism
What state did Meroe have a cultural exchange with
Egypt
What languages were spoken by southern African settlers
Bantu
What culture had a complex and expressive written language
Mayan
What variant of Christianity was practiced in Axum
Coptic Christianity
What purpose did Teotihuacan serve in ancient Mesoamerica
It was a city of religious significance with many alters to the gods
What did Confucianism place importance on
Tradition
What is the underlying principle of the universe according to Lao-Tzu
Tao
What was unique about the cultures of Bantu Africa and North America
They didn’t develop empires
Where was the hunter—gatherer lifestyle the norm
Bantu, American Eastern Woodland, Pueblo
What was the relationship between the Andean and Mesoamerican empires
They had little to no contact with each other
What concept is central to Hindu religion and society
Samsara
Where did Christianity and Buddhism make inroads into
Eastern Persia, Central Asia, Southern India
What transportation infrastructure did Christianity spread along
Roman Empire
What was the eastern-most extent of early Buddhism penetration
Korean Peninsula
What was one of the tenets of Buddhist society
Each social class owes respect to it’s superior
Who were the lowest people in Confucian society
Laborers and farmers
What would Han dynasty hierarchy illustrate about Confucianism
It’s emphasis on structured society
What was the painting by Wang Shugu meant to portray
Confucius presenting a baby Buddha to Lao Tzu
Who were the most important parts of Legalistic society
Soldiers and farmers
Who was Confucius
A learned and ambitious philosopher
What is Confucianism based off of
A book of teachings compiled by Confucius’ students and notes from later philosophers
What books do Confucians abide by
The analects
What reforms did Confucius propose for society
Rulers should be benevolent so subjects will be obedient, rulers should be educated and ritualistic so that their subjects will seek to better themselves
Who wrote ”Lessons for Women”
Ban Zhao
What was the order of relationships in Qing and Confucian society
Ruler to ruled, father do son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend
What did Ban Zhao advocate for
Education for women so they better serve their husbands
What to principles were Confucian men supposed to abide by
Wen and wu
What is wen
Rationality, scholarship, and literary and artistic ability
What is wu
Physical and martial achievements
Where did Confucianism believe answers could be found
The past
Who was Laozi
A sixth-century b.c.e. archivist who founded Daoism
What did Daoism encourage
Natural behavior
What did Daoism focus on
Nature and relationships
What is the dao
The natural way of nature which is central to Daoism
What is the main difference between Daoism and Confucianism
Daoism seeks to live in nature, Confucianism seeks to tame nature
What were Chinese landscape paintings influenced by
The Daoism search for harmony with nature
How might an official balance Daoism with Confucianism
Confucianism in public, Daoism in private
What did Indian elite embrace
The divine and spiritual
What characterizes Hinduism
It was very diverse, but linked by a single concept of samsara
What are the holy texts of the Hindus
The vedas
What were the vedas
A collection of hymns, poems, prayers, and rituals
Who made more money: Brahmins or kings
Brahmins
What books went into more depth about what was written in the vedas
The Upanishads
What is Brahman
The Hindu concept of the world soul and ultimate reality which went beyond material things and the gods
What is the atman
The human soul
What is Moksha
Transcendence of the illusion of human life and the primary goal of all Hindus
What is Samsara
The wheel of reincarnation
What is karma
Good and bad deeds that are carried over into the next life
Who were Hindu women supposed to devote themselves to
Their fathers, followed by their husbands, followed by their sons
How did Hinduism empower women
It made sexual pleasure a goal for both sexes
In what century was an Indian manuscript made which depicted three men meditating after achieving the final stage of samsara
13-century
What are ways to achieve moksha
Knowledge of study, detached action in the world, passionate devotion to a deity, extended periods of meditation
At what age did Siddhartha Gautama start his religious journey
29
How long did Siddhartha Gautama practice religious experimentation
6 years
How long did Siddhartha Gautama meditate under a bodhi tree
49 days
What represents the Buddha’s enlightenment
The dot in the center of his forehead, his right hand touching the ground
What was the key to ending suffering according to Buddhism
Relinquishing individualism
What was the difference between Buddhism and Hinduism
Buddhism ridiculed rituals, gods, the caste system, and gender roles
What was the difference between the Buddhist monks and the Buddhist nuns
The Buddhist nuns were subordinate to the Buddhist monks
What helped Buddhist development
It’s translation to Pali
What were Bodhisattvas
People who had attained enlightenment who were trying to assist humanity
What was one of the major innovations of Buddhism
Acts of piety could be spread all over so that multiple people “cross the river” into enlightenment
Why did Buddhism decline in India
The invention of Islam and a hybrid between Hinduism and Buddhism
Who is Vishnu
The protector and preserver of creation
Who is Shiva
The divine destroyer
When was Zarathustra born
The sixth or seventh century b.c.e.
In what year was a cylinder depicting King Darius of Persia being protected by Ahura Mazda created
500 b.c.e.
Who was Ahura Mazda’s enemy
Angry Mainyu
Why did Zoastrianism die off
It didn’t become a missionary religion
What aspects of Christianity and Judaism is Zoastrianism responsible for
One god and a Messiah
When was Israel conquered by Assyria
722 b.c.e.
When was Judah conquered by Babylon
586 b.c.e.
What happened when Israel and Judah were conquered
The Hebrews were sent to live in different lands, therefore spreading their religion
What were exiled Hebrews called
Jews
What was the name of the Jewish god
Yahweh
What was the personality of Yahweh
Selfish and accessible
What made Yahweh appeal to the poor
A prophet named Isaiah said that Yahweh wouldn’t except empty rituals
What did Jewish scripture tell us
The world is real and positively valued by God
What were the two differing views on Yahweh
God of compassion, god of war
Who was the main exemplar of Greek rationalism
Socrates
When did Socrates live
496-399 b.c.e.
Why was Socrates disliked by the public
He criticized Athenian democracy and praised the Spartans
Who said that the moon simply reflects the sun’s light
Thales
Who said the world is composed of triangles
Demcritus
Who argued that the world is composed of unchanging mathematical equations
Pythagoras
In what century was a mosaic depicting Plato talking to students and philosophers made
First-century b.c.e.
What is the mosaic of Plato meant to illustrate
The importance of Greek philosophy and the setting in which Plato taught
What did Plato think the perfect society was composed of
Educated warriors and philosopher kings
Who was Aristotle
A philosopher who wrote about politics and science and believed virtue could be learned
What was the ideal form of government according to Aristotle
A hybridization between monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
What represented Roman respect for Greek rationalism
Roman officials sent their children to an academy founded by Plato
How did Greeks inspire western civilization
Formulating an updated Christian theology, fostering Europe’s Scientific Revolution, and creating a starting point for European philosophy
Who was Karl Jaspers
A German philosopher
What was the Axial Age
A term coined by Karl Jaspers which refers to a period characterized by great creativity that gave rise to new cultural traditions all across Eurasia
In what time period did the Axial Age occur
800-200 b.c.e.
What are some factors scientists blame for the Axial Age
Iron Age technology, prosperity in urban centers, increased trade and use of money, and political break-down
What is an example of politics break-down during the Axial Age
The warring states period in China
In what time did the warring states period occur
475-221 b.c.e.
What did all Axial Age civilizations have in common
They seemed an alternative to polytheism that was higher than the sphere of human life
What was different about traditions of the Axial Age
They weren’t about clarity or godly favor, but rather transforming one’s self with a higher order
What was the main goal of Axial Age traditions
Living morally, controlling desire, taking the ego, and developing compassion
What are the similarities between Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama
They both claimed to have been enlightened, urged the renunciation of wealth, determined love compassion to be the basis of a normal life, made divine by their followers
What are the differences between Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama
Jesus was concerned with the supernatural while Siddhartha was concerned with the worldly, Jesus was crucified while the Buddha died of natural causes,
Who is Saint Paul
A Roman concert to Christianity
What did Saint Paul do for Christianity
He said Christian concerts didn’t need circumcision or the strict diet of Jews
What is the similarity between Christianity and Buddhism
They don’t condone women as much
Who is Perpetua
An upper-class woman from Carthage who, at age 22, turned to Christianity and refused to renounce her faith
Who made a small Christian school in China
Alopen
Who were the first people to adopt Christianity as a state religion
Armenians
When did Christianity become the state religion of Axum
350 c.e.
Where did Christianity spread
Spain, Northeast Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and India
In which direction did Christianity spread the furthest
West
Who revoked women’s privileges to become priests
Pope Gleason’s
What is the difference between Christianity and Buddhism
Christianity went to war over difference while Buddhism did not
What did Hinduism change to following Buddhist assimilation
Ritual and sacrifice to devotion and worship
What is a representation that we must acknowledge what we don’t understand
Buddha’s enlightenment and Jesus’ forty days in the desert
What represents Roman influence on Buddhism
The face of Apollo, Roman toga, and curly hair
Who seduces the Buddha
The daughters of Mara
What were the five venerable qualities seen by Sakuludayin in the Buddha
Eats little, content with any kind of robe, content with any kind of resting place, secluded and commends seclusion
Who was Sunita the outcast
A lowly peasant who payed homage to others and was shunned in return
How did Sunita eventually gain homage
The Buddha made him a monk, he went into the woods, he meditates in the woods, the gods Indra and Brahma paid homage to him
How did the Buddha say one was a Brahmin
Austerity, celibacy, restraint, self-control
Who was the laughing Buddha modeled after
Budai
What did John Strong omit to make the Buddha more down to earth
His enlightenment
What does Armstrong highlight about the Buddha
His teachings and his enlightenment
What do Strong and Armstrong’s accounts of the Buddha have in common
They don’t detail his rise to enlightenment or the concept of the supernatural
What is Pali
An Indian language
Who most flocked to Buddhism
Upper-class women
What are the three variations of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism
What is Mahayana Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that believed in a divine Buddha
What is Theravada Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that believes in a worldly Buddha
What is Tibetan Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that believes in the Dali lama
What do Buddhism and Hinduism agree on
Life is an illusion, karma and rebirth are real, one must overcome selfish desires
What do Buddhism and Hinduism disagree on
Buddhism rejects the caste system, Buddhism didn’t believe in gods, Buddhism believed enlightenment could be achieved in a single lifetime
What is Zoastrianism
The first monotheistic religion
What was unique about Zoroastrianism
It was polytheistic and you could choose between good and evil
What is the difference between Aristotle and Plato
Aristotle didn’t believe in the realm of forms
Who spread Greek rationalism
Alexander the Great
Who replaced the Roman Empire
The Islamic Empire
Where is the Maya Temple of the Great Jaguar locates
Guatemala
Where did second-wave civilizations develop in Africa
Upper-Nile Valley, northern Ethiopia, Niger River Valley
What was Meroe
The central city of Nubian civilization
What was unique about Merle’s queens
They dressed in women’s clothing
What was the common the common Axummite language
Ge’ez
Who adopted Christianity in Axum
King Ezuna
In what time period was Axum’s imperial expansion
4th and 6th centuries
In what year did Axum conquer Mecca
571 b.c.e.
What brought people into the middle Niger
A prolonged dry period
What are the similarities between the Americas and Africa
Their populations arrived during the Great Migration, hunter-gatherer societies
What is the Agricultural Revolution
Abundance of food
What was Meroe
An African civilization
Who were the Mayans
A Mesoamerican civilization
Who were the Inca
A Mesoamerican civilization
What are the differences between American and African civilization
Africa had mountable animals
What was the first civilization to develop in Africa
Egypt
What was the Nubian agricultural system based off of
Rainfall
Why did Meroe decline
Deforestation, conquered by Axum
What was the Niger Valley Civilization social structure similar to
Panem social structure
What did the Niger floodplain have
Agriculture and clay
What were the two major centers of American civilization
Mesoamerica and the Andes
What is vertical integration
An effort to control a variety of ecological zones where a number of different crops and animals could flourish
What did the terra cotta statue in the Niger Valley represent
Resistance to Islam
When did the Mayan civilization begin
2000 b.c.e.
What were El Niño episodes
Dramatic changes in weather patterns caused by warming of the Pacific Ocean
Where was Axum
Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia
What did the townspeople of Axum speak
Ge’ez
What language did the upper-class of Axum speak
Aja
When did urbanization in the Niger River occur
30 b.c.e.-900 c.e.
Who did Jenna-keno worship
Blacksmiths
Who started civilization in Mesoamerica
The Olmecs
What was a similarity between the Mayan and Greek civilizations
They both possessed warring city-states
When was Teotihuacana founded
150 b.c.e.
How much territory did Teotihuacana control
10,000 miles^2
When did Teotihuacana collapse
650 c.e.
What did the Aztecs call Teotihuacana
The city of the gods
What did the Chavin de Huantar use to communicate
Knots
What did the Wari use for agriculture
Snow melt
What did the Tiwanaku use for agriculture
Elevated planting areas separated by canals
What is Bantu migration
When individual families relocate and spread the Bantu culture, similar to Greeks
What were the roles of men and women according to the Bantu
Bantu women were concerned with village life, Bantu men were concerned with forest life
What is a kiva
A structure built partially underground
What was the Chaco phenomenon
When multiple pueblos were being built in Chaco Canyon
What is a Pueblo
A North American Indian settlement
Who were mound-builders
Members of Mesoamerican hunter-gatherer societies
When does the earliest mound date back to
4000 b.c.e.
What is the Hopewell culture
An extremely advanced civilization of mound-builders
When did people in New Zealand arrive
1200 c.e.
What is mana
Spiritual energy or power obtained through remarkable actions and great success
When was the height of the Moche Empire
100-800 c.e.
What was the key to Moche success
Irrigation and diverse Moche diet of fish and agriculture
What sabotages civilization the most
Ecological disturbance
Where did the Wari live
The Eastern mountains
Where did the Tiwanaku live
The western plains
What was the Bates cultures
Evil equals evil
What was unique about Bantu women
They got more rights
What was unique about Bantu religion
Multiple revelations are possible
When did the Cahokia culture develop
900-1250 c.e.
What were Cahokia leaders called
Great sons
What was unique about Cahokia upper-class
They were required to marry commoners
