Exam 1 Flashcards
What religions were influenced by Zoastrianism
Islam, Christianity, Judaism
What was Legalism
A harsh system of punishments and rewards
What was Greek rationalism renowned for
Belief in the supremacy of human reasoning
What is the holy text of Hinduism
The Bhagavad Gita
How was society in ancient India organized
By a caste system supported by religious teachings
In what way did Buddhism reject the Hindu caste system
Rejection of the caste system and the authority of the Brahmins
In what way was Christianity changed after its emergence as a religion
It went from small egalitarian churches to large male dominated churches
What experience did Jesus and the Buddha share
Both were transformed into divine figures by the followers
What form of Buddhism was formed in China and Korea
Mahayana Buddhism
What state did Meroe have a cultural exchange with
Egypt
What languages were spoken by southern African settlers
Bantu
What culture had a complex and expressive written language
Mayan
What variant of Christianity was practiced in Axum
Coptic Christianity
What purpose did Teotihuacan serve in ancient Mesoamerica
It was a city of religious significance with many alters to the gods
What did Confucianism place importance on
Tradition
What is the underlying principle of the universe according to Lao-Tzu
Tao
What was unique about the cultures of Bantu Africa and North America
They didn’t develop empires
Where was the hunter—gatherer lifestyle the norm
Bantu, American Eastern Woodland, Pueblo
What was the relationship between the Andean and Mesoamerican empires
They had little to no contact with each other
What concept is central to Hindu religion and society
Samsara
Where did Christianity and Buddhism make inroads into
Eastern Persia, Central Asia, Southern India
What transportation infrastructure did Christianity spread along
Roman Empire
What was the eastern-most extent of early Buddhism penetration
Korean Peninsula
What was one of the tenets of Buddhist society
Each social class owes respect to it’s superior
Who were the lowest people in Confucian society
Laborers and farmers
What would Han dynasty hierarchy illustrate about Confucianism
It’s emphasis on structured society
What was the painting by Wang Shugu meant to portray
Confucius presenting a baby Buddha to Lao Tzu
Who were the most important parts of Legalistic society
Soldiers and farmers
Who was Confucius
A learned and ambitious philosopher
What is Confucianism based off of
A book of teachings compiled by Confucius’ students and notes from later philosophers
What books do Confucians abide by
The analects
What reforms did Confucius propose for society
Rulers should be benevolent so subjects will be obedient, rulers should be educated and ritualistic so that their subjects will seek to better themselves
Who wrote ”Lessons for Women”
Ban Zhao
What was the order of relationships in Qing and Confucian society
Ruler to ruled, father do son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend
What did Ban Zhao advocate for
Education for women so they better serve their husbands
What to principles were Confucian men supposed to abide by
Wen and wu
What is wen
Rationality, scholarship, and literary and artistic ability
What is wu
Physical and martial achievements
Where did Confucianism believe answers could be found
The past
Who was Laozi
A sixth-century b.c.e. archivist who founded Daoism
What did Daoism encourage
Natural behavior
What did Daoism focus on
Nature and relationships
What is the dao
The natural way of nature which is central to Daoism
What is the main difference between Daoism and Confucianism
Daoism seeks to live in nature, Confucianism seeks to tame nature
What were Chinese landscape paintings influenced by
The Daoism search for harmony with nature
How might an official balance Daoism with Confucianism
Confucianism in public, Daoism in private
What did Indian elite embrace
The divine and spiritual
What characterizes Hinduism
It was very diverse, but linked by a single concept of samsara
What are the holy texts of the Hindus
The vedas
What were the vedas
A collection of hymns, poems, prayers, and rituals
Who made more money: Brahmins or kings
Brahmins
What books went into more depth about what was written in the vedas
The Upanishads
What is Brahman
The Hindu concept of the world soul and ultimate reality which went beyond material things and the gods
What is the atman
The human soul
What is Moksha
Transcendence of the illusion of human life and the primary goal of all Hindus
What is Samsara
The wheel of reincarnation
What is karma
Good and bad deeds that are carried over into the next life
Who were Hindu women supposed to devote themselves to
Their fathers, followed by their husbands, followed by their sons
How did Hinduism empower women
It made sexual pleasure a goal for both sexes
In what century was an Indian manuscript made which depicted three men meditating after achieving the final stage of samsara
13-century
What are ways to achieve moksha
Knowledge of study, detached action in the world, passionate devotion to a deity, extended periods of meditation
At what age did Siddhartha Gautama start his religious journey
29
How long did Siddhartha Gautama practice religious experimentation
6 years
How long did Siddhartha Gautama meditate under a bodhi tree
49 days
What represents the Buddha’s enlightenment
The dot in the center of his forehead, his right hand touching the ground
What was the key to ending suffering according to Buddhism
Relinquishing individualism
What was the difference between Buddhism and Hinduism
Buddhism ridiculed rituals, gods, the caste system, and gender roles
What was the difference between the Buddhist monks and the Buddhist nuns
The Buddhist nuns were subordinate to the Buddhist monks
What helped Buddhist development
It’s translation to Pali
What were Bodhisattvas
People who had attained enlightenment who were trying to assist humanity
What was one of the major innovations of Buddhism
Acts of piety could be spread all over so that multiple people “cross the river” into enlightenment
Why did Buddhism decline in India
The invention of Islam and a hybrid between Hinduism and Buddhism
Who is Vishnu
The protector and preserver of creation
Who is Shiva
The divine destroyer
When was Zarathustra born
The sixth or seventh century b.c.e.
In what year was a cylinder depicting King Darius of Persia being protected by Ahura Mazda created
500 b.c.e.
Who was Ahura Mazda’s enemy
Angry Mainyu
Why did Zoastrianism die off
It didn’t become a missionary religion
What aspects of Christianity and Judaism is Zoastrianism responsible for
One god and a Messiah
When was Israel conquered by Assyria
722 b.c.e.
When was Judah conquered by Babylon
586 b.c.e.
What happened when Israel and Judah were conquered
The Hebrews were sent to live in different lands, therefore spreading their religion
What were exiled Hebrews called
Jews