Exam 1 Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
What religions were influenced by Zoastrianism
A
Islam, Christianity, Judaism
2
Q
What was Legalism
A
A harsh system of punishments and rewards
3
Q
What was Greek rationalism renowned for
A
Belief in the supremacy of human reasoning
4
Q
What is the holy text of Hinduism
A
The Bhagavad Gita
5
Q
How was society in ancient India organized
A
By a caste system supported by religious teachings
6
Q
In what way did Buddhism reject the Hindu caste system
A
Rejection of the caste system and the authority of the Brahmins
7
Q
In what way was Christianity changed after its emergence as a religion
A
It went from small egalitarian churches to large male dominated churches
8
Q
What experience did Jesus and the Buddha share
A
Both were transformed into divine figures by the followers
9
Q
What form of Buddhism was formed in China and Korea
A
Mahayana Buddhism
10
Q
What state did Meroe have a cultural exchange with
A
Egypt
11
Q
What languages were spoken by southern African settlers
A
Bantu
12
Q
What culture had a complex and expressive written language
A
Mayan
13
Q
What variant of Christianity was practiced in Axum
A
Coptic Christianity
14
Q
What purpose did Teotihuacan serve in ancient Mesoamerica
A
It was a city of religious significance with many alters to the gods
15
Q
What did Confucianism place importance on
A
Tradition
16
Q
What is the underlying principle of the universe according to Lao-Tzu
A
Tao
17
Q
What was unique about the cultures of Bantu Africa and North America
A
They didn’t develop empires
18
Q
Where was the hunter—gatherer lifestyle the norm
A
Bantu, American Eastern Woodland, Pueblo
19
Q
What was the relationship between the Andean and Mesoamerican empires
A
They had little to no contact with each other
20
Q
What concept is central to Hindu religion and society
A
Samsara
21
Q
Where did Christianity and Buddhism make inroads into
A
Eastern Persia, Central Asia, Southern India
22
Q
What transportation infrastructure did Christianity spread along
A
Roman Empire
23
Q
What was the eastern-most extent of early Buddhism penetration
A
Korean Peninsula
24
Q
What was one of the tenets of Buddhist society
A
Each social class owes respect to it’s superior
25
Who were the lowest people in Confucian society
Laborers and farmers
26
What would Han dynasty hierarchy illustrate about Confucianism
It’s emphasis on structured society
27
What was the painting by Wang Shugu meant to portray
Confucius presenting a baby Buddha to Lao Tzu
28
Who were the most important parts of Legalistic society
Soldiers and farmers
29
Who was Confucius
A learned and ambitious philosopher
30
What is Confucianism based off of
A book of teachings compiled by Confucius’ students and notes from later philosophers
31
What books do Confucians abide by
The analects
32
What reforms did Confucius propose for society
Rulers should be benevolent so subjects will be obedient, rulers should be educated and ritualistic so that their subjects will seek to better themselves
33
Who wrote ”Lessons for Women”
Ban Zhao
34
What was the order of relationships in Qing and Confucian society
Ruler to ruled, father do son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend
35
What did Ban Zhao advocate for
Education for women so they better serve their husbands
36
What to principles were Confucian men supposed to abide by
Wen and wu
37
What is wen
Rationality, scholarship, and literary and artistic ability
38
What is wu
Physical and martial achievements
39
Where did Confucianism believe answers could be found
The past
40
Who was Laozi
A sixth-century b.c.e. archivist who founded Daoism
41
What did Daoism encourage
Natural behavior
42
What did Daoism focus on
Nature and relationships
43
What is the dao
The natural way of nature which is central to Daoism
44
What is the main difference between Daoism and Confucianism
Daoism seeks to live in nature, Confucianism seeks to tame nature
45
What were Chinese landscape paintings influenced by
The Daoism search for harmony with nature
46
How might an official balance Daoism with Confucianism
Confucianism in public, Daoism in private
47
What did Indian elite embrace
The divine and spiritual
48
What characterizes Hinduism
It was very diverse, but linked by a single concept of samsara
49
What are the holy texts of the Hindus
The vedas
50
What were the vedas
A collection of hymns, poems, prayers, and rituals
51
Who made more money: Brahmins or kings
Brahmins
52
What books went into more depth about what was written in the vedas
The Upanishads
53
What is Brahman
The Hindu concept of the world soul and ultimate reality which went beyond material things and the gods
54
What is the atman
The human soul
55
What is Moksha
Transcendence of the illusion of human life and the primary goal of all Hindus
56
What is Samsara
The wheel of reincarnation
57
What is karma
Good and bad deeds that are carried over into the next life
58
Who were Hindu women supposed to devote themselves to
Their fathers, followed by their husbands, followed by their sons
59
How did Hinduism empower women
It made sexual pleasure a goal for both sexes
60
In what century was an Indian manuscript made which depicted three men meditating after achieving the final stage of samsara
13-century
61
What are ways to achieve moksha
Knowledge of study, detached action in the world, passionate devotion to a deity, extended periods of meditation
62
At what age did Siddhartha Gautama start his religious journey
29
63
How long did Siddhartha Gautama practice religious experimentation
6 years
64
How long did Siddhartha Gautama meditate under a bodhi tree
49 days
65
What represents the Buddha’s enlightenment
The dot in the center of his forehead, his right hand touching the ground
66
What was the key to ending suffering according to Buddhism
Relinquishing individualism
67
What was the difference between Buddhism and Hinduism
Buddhism ridiculed rituals, gods, the caste system, and gender roles
68
What was the difference between the Buddhist monks and the Buddhist nuns
The Buddhist nuns were subordinate to the Buddhist monks
69
What helped Buddhist development
It’s translation to Pali
70
What were Bodhisattvas
People who had attained enlightenment who were trying to assist humanity
71
What was one of the major innovations of Buddhism
Acts of piety could be spread all over so that multiple people “cross the river” into enlightenment
72
Why did Buddhism decline in India
The invention of Islam and a hybrid between Hinduism and Buddhism
73
Who is Vishnu
The protector and preserver of creation
74
Who is Shiva
The divine destroyer
75
When was Zarathustra born
The sixth or seventh century b.c.e.
76
In what year was a cylinder depicting King Darius of Persia being protected by Ahura Mazda created
500 b.c.e.
77
Who was Ahura Mazda’s enemy
Angry Mainyu
78
Why did Zoastrianism die off
It didn’t become a missionary religion
79
What aspects of Christianity and Judaism is Zoastrianism responsible for
One god and a Messiah
80
When was Israel conquered by Assyria
722 b.c.e.
81
When was Judah conquered by Babylon
586 b.c.e.
82
What happened when Israel and Judah were conquered
The Hebrews were sent to live in different lands, therefore spreading their religion
83
What were exiled Hebrews called
Jews
84
What was the name of the Jewish god
Yahweh
85
What was the personality of Yahweh
Selfish and accessible
86
What made Yahweh appeal to the poor
A prophet named Isaiah said that Yahweh wouldn’t except empty rituals
87
What did Jewish scripture tell us
The world is real and positively valued by God
88
What were the two differing views on Yahweh
God of compassion, god of war
89
Who was the main exemplar of Greek rationalism
Socrates
90
When did Socrates live
496-399 b.c.e.
91
Why was Socrates disliked by the public
He criticized Athenian democracy and praised the Spartans
92
Who said that the moon simply reflects the sun’s light
Thales
93
Who said the world is composed of triangles
Demcritus
94
Who argued that the world is composed of unchanging mathematical equations
Pythagoras
95
In what century was a mosaic depicting Plato talking to students and philosophers made
First-century b.c.e.
96
What is the mosaic of Plato meant to illustrate
The importance of Greek philosophy and the setting in which Plato taught
97
What did Plato think the perfect society was composed of
Educated warriors and philosopher kings
98
Who was Aristotle
A philosopher who wrote about politics and science and believed virtue could be learned
99
What was the ideal form of government according to Aristotle
A hybridization between monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
100
What represented Roman respect for Greek rationalism
Roman officials sent their children to an academy founded by Plato
101
How did Greeks inspire western civilization
Formulating an updated Christian theology, fostering Europe’s Scientific Revolution, and creating a starting point for European philosophy
102
Who was Karl Jaspers
A German philosopher
103
What was the Axial Age
A term coined by Karl Jaspers which refers to a period characterized by great creativity that gave rise to new cultural traditions all across Eurasia
104
In what time period did the Axial Age occur
800-200 b.c.e.
105
What are some factors scientists blame for the Axial Age
Iron Age technology, prosperity in urban centers, increased trade and use of money, and political break-down
106
What is an example of politics break-down during the Axial Age
The warring states period in China
107
In what time did the warring states period occur
475-221 b.c.e.
108
What did all Axial Age civilizations have in common
They seemed an alternative to polytheism that was higher than the sphere of human life
109
What was different about traditions of the Axial Age
They weren’t about clarity or godly favor, but rather transforming one’s self with a higher order
110
What was the main goal of Axial Age traditions
Living morally, controlling desire, taking the ego, and developing compassion
111
What are the similarities between Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama
They both claimed to have been enlightened, urged the renunciation of wealth, determined love compassion to be the basis of a normal life, made divine by their followers
112
What are the differences between Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama
Jesus was concerned with the supernatural while Siddhartha was concerned with the worldly, Jesus was crucified while the Buddha died of natural causes,
113
Who is Saint Paul
A Roman concert to Christianity
114
What did Saint Paul do for Christianity
He said Christian concerts didn’t need circumcision or the strict diet of Jews
115
What is the similarity between Christianity and Buddhism
They don’t condone women as much
116
Who is Perpetua
An upper-class woman from Carthage who, at age 22, turned to Christianity and refused to renounce her faith
117
Who made a small Christian school in China
Alopen
118
Who were the first people to adopt Christianity as a state religion
Armenians
119
When did Christianity become the state religion of Axum
350 c.e.
120
Where did Christianity spread
Spain, Northeast Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and India
121
In which direction did Christianity spread the furthest
West
122
Who revoked women’s privileges to become priests
Pope Gleason’s
123
What is the difference between Christianity and Buddhism
Christianity went to war over difference while Buddhism did not
124
What did Hinduism change to following Buddhist assimilation
Ritual and sacrifice to devotion and worship
125
What is a representation that we must acknowledge what we don’t understand
Buddha’s enlightenment and Jesus’ forty days in the desert
126
What represents Roman influence on Buddhism
The face of Apollo, Roman toga, and curly hair
127
Who seduces the Buddha
The daughters of Mara
128
What were the five venerable qualities seen by Sakuludayin in the Buddha
Eats little, content with any kind of robe, content with any kind of resting place, secluded and commends seclusion
129
Who was Sunita the outcast
A lowly peasant who payed homage to others and was shunned in return
130
How did Sunita eventually gain homage
The Buddha made him a monk, he went into the woods, he meditates in the woods, the gods Indra and Brahma paid homage to him
131
How did the Buddha say one was a Brahmin
Austerity, celibacy, restraint, self-control
132
Who was the laughing Buddha modeled after
Budai
133
What did John Strong omit to make the Buddha more down to earth
His enlightenment
134
What does Armstrong highlight about the Buddha
His teachings and his enlightenment
135
What do Strong and Armstrong’s accounts of the Buddha have in common
They don’t detail his rise to enlightenment or the concept of the supernatural
136
What is Pali
An Indian language
137
Who most flocked to Buddhism
Upper-class women
138
What are the three variations of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism
139
What is Mahayana Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that believed in a divine Buddha
140
What is Theravada Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that believes in a worldly Buddha
141
What is Tibetan Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that believes in the Dali lama
142
What do Buddhism and Hinduism agree on
Life is an illusion, karma and rebirth are real, one must overcome selfish desires
143
What do Buddhism and Hinduism disagree on
Buddhism rejects the caste system, Buddhism didn’t believe in gods, Buddhism believed enlightenment could be achieved in a single lifetime
144
What is Zoastrianism
The first monotheistic religion
145
What was unique about Zoroastrianism
It was polytheistic and you could choose between good and evil
146
What is the difference between Aristotle and Plato
Aristotle didn’t believe in the realm of forms
147
Who spread Greek rationalism
Alexander the Great
148
Who replaced the Roman Empire
The Islamic Empire
149
Where is the Maya Temple of the Great Jaguar locates
Guatemala
150
Where did second-wave civilizations develop in Africa
Upper-Nile Valley, northern Ethiopia, Niger River Valley
151
What was Meroe
The central city of Nubian civilization
152
What was unique about Merle’s queens
They dressed in women’s clothing
153
What was the common the common Axummite language
Ge’ez
154
Who adopted Christianity in Axum
King Ezuna
155
In what time period was Axum’s imperial expansion
4th and 6th centuries
156
In what year did Axum conquer Mecca
571 b.c.e.
157
What brought people into the middle Niger
A prolonged dry period
158
What are the similarities between the Americas and Africa
Their populations arrived during the Great Migration, hunter-gatherer societies
159
What is the Agricultural Revolution
Abundance of food
160
What was Meroe
An African civilization
161
Who were the Mayans
A Mesoamerican civilization
162
Who were the Inca
A Mesoamerican civilization
163
What are the differences between American and African civilization
Africa had mountable animals
164
What was the first civilization to develop in Africa
Egypt
165
What was the Nubian agricultural system based off of
Rainfall
166
Why did Meroe decline
Deforestation, conquered by Axum
167
What was the Niger Valley Civilization social structure similar to
Panem social structure
168
What did the Niger floodplain have
Agriculture and clay
169
What were the two major centers of American civilization
Mesoamerica and the Andes
170
What is vertical integration
An effort to control a variety of ecological zones where a number of different crops and animals could flourish
171
What did the terra cotta statue in the Niger Valley represent
Resistance to Islam
172
When did the Mayan civilization begin
2000 b.c.e.
173
What were El Niño episodes
Dramatic changes in weather patterns caused by warming of the Pacific Ocean
174
Where was Axum
Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia
175
What did the townspeople of Axum speak
Ge’ez
176
What language did the upper-class of Axum speak
Aja
177
When did urbanization in the Niger River occur
30 b.c.e.-900 c.e.
178
Who did Jenna-keno worship
Blacksmiths
179
Who started civilization in Mesoamerica
The Olmecs
180
What was a similarity between the Mayan and Greek civilizations
They both possessed warring city-states
181
When was Teotihuacana founded
150 b.c.e.
182
How much territory did Teotihuacana control
10,000 miles^2
183
When did Teotihuacana collapse
650 c.e.
184
What did the Aztecs call Teotihuacana
The city of the gods
185
What did the Chavin de Huantar use to communicate
Knots
186
What did the Wari use for agriculture
Snow melt
187
What did the Tiwanaku use for agriculture
Elevated planting areas separated by canals
188
What is Bantu migration
When individual families relocate and spread the Bantu culture, similar to Greeks
189
What were the roles of men and women according to the Bantu
Bantu women were concerned with village life, Bantu men were concerned with forest life
190
What is a kiva
A structure built partially underground
191
What was the Chaco phenomenon
When multiple pueblos were being built in Chaco Canyon
192
What is a Pueblo
A North American Indian settlement
193
Who were mound-builders
Members of Mesoamerican hunter-gatherer societies
194
When does the earliest mound date back to
4000 b.c.e.
195
What is the Hopewell culture
An extremely advanced civilization of mound-builders
196
When did people in New Zealand arrive
1200 c.e.
197
What is mana
Spiritual energy or power obtained through remarkable actions and great success
198
When was the height of the Moche Empire
100-800 c.e.
199
What was the key to Moche success
Irrigation and diverse Moche diet of fish and agriculture
200
What sabotages civilization the most
Ecological disturbance
201
Where did the Wari live
The Eastern mountains
202
Where did the Tiwanaku live
The western plains
203
What was the Bates cultures
Evil equals evil
204
What was unique about Bantu women
They got more rights
205
What was unique about Bantu religion
Multiple revelations are possible
206
When did the Cahokia culture develop
900-1250 c.e.
207
What were Cahokia leaders called
Great sons
208
What was unique about Cahokia upper-class
They were required to marry commoners
