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Anatomy & P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The three functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input: gather info from receptors
Integration: process info and decision making
Motor output: signal to cause a response

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2
Q

Sensory output

A

Gathering information from receptors

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3
Q

Integration

A

Processing of info and decision making

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4
Q

Motor output

A

Signal to cause a response

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system division

A

Motor neurons controlling skeletal muscle ( voluntary )

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system division

A

Motor neurons controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and glands ( involuntary )
Has 2 divisions

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7
Q

Sympathetic division

A

The fight or flight mobilization

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8
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

The rest and digest energy conservation

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9
Q

Neuron characteristics

A

Longetivity: last a lifetime
Amitotic: once mature they cannot divide
High metabolic rate: consume large amounts of oxygen and nutrients

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10
Q

Supporting cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Astrocytes

A

Attach neurons to capillaries and regulate the chemical environment

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Act as phagocytes

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13
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line fluid filled spaces of CNS and circulate fluids via cillia

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14
Q

Supporting cells of PNS

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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15
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies, function unknown

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form the myelin sheath insulations of the PNS neurons

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17
Q

What is a dendrite

A

many short processes that relay input towards the soma

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18
Q

What is an axon ?

A

A single process that relays impulses away from the soma

what connects the dendrites to the neurilemma

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19
Q

What is the axon terminal

A

Bulbous ends of axons containing neurotransmitters

the end of the neuron, opposite end of dendrites

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20
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

A white fatty wrapping of nerve fibers

Insulate the fiber, increases the speed of nerve impulses

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21
Q

What is white matter

A

Nervous tissue containing bundles of axons ( tracts )

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22
Q

What is grey matter

A

Nervous tissue containing neuron somas and neuroglia

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23
Q

What is the membrane resting potential

A

The voltage measurment across a neuron’s cell membrane

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24
Q

What is a chemically gated channel

A

Those that open in response to the binding of a specific chemical

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25
What is hyperpolerization
An increase in the membrane potential
26
Why does hyperpolorization occur
Because the inside of the cell becomes more negative
27
What are two types of synapse
Chemical: slow, active, pseudo- unidirectional and electrical: very rapid, passive, bidirectional
28
What are the parts os a synapse
Presynaptic neuron: info sender and releases neurotransmitter from its axon terminal and postsynaptic neuron: the information receiver and receives neurotransmitter, usually on its dendrites
29
What are ventricles in the adult brain ? What do they contain ?
a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid and located within the brain parenchyma Composed of 2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle
30
What are the four regions of the brain ?
Cerebrun, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem
31
What are the right and left cerebral hemispheres separated by ? Joined by ?
They are separated by a groove , the longitudinal fissure | joined by the corpus collasum, a bundle of nerve fibers
32
What is the transverse fissure?
divides cerebrum from cerebellum
33
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
The frontal, Paretial, Temporal, Occipital and the Insula
34
What is the central sulcus
prominent landmark of the brain, separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex
35
What is the lateral sulcus
A deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
36
What is the parietal-occipital sulcus
the "groove" It separates the precuneus of the parietal lobe from the cuneus of the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere
37
What are nissl bodies?
a large granular body found in neurons | made of RER
38
What is an axon hillock?
in the area of the neuron that connects the cell body with the axon
39
What is a synaptic knob?
The large bulge on the presynaptic neuron
40
What is a collateral
subordinate or accessory part, a side branch ( nerve or blood vessel )
41
What is the neurilemma
sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath, the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron
42
What is a node of Ranvier?
allow ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon. signal jumps rapidly from node to node
43
What are clusters of cell processes called in the CNS
Nuclei
44
What are clusters of cell processes called in the PNS
ganglia short for ganglion
45
Frontal lobe
Voluntary movements of skeletal muscle
46
Paretial lobe
Somatic sensory processing
47
Temporal lobe
Auditory and olfactory processing
48
Occipital lobe
Visual processing
49
Brain stem
Stalk of the brain, forms connection to the spinal cord | Includes the midbrain,pons, and medulla oblongata
50
Spinal cord
Region of CNS enclosed within the vertebral column
51
What is the function of the spinal cord
White matter tracts carry impulses to and from the brain | Internal grey matter performs nervous integration
52
What is a spinal nerve
Fusion of dorsal and central roots , contain sensory and motor fibers
53
Peripheral nerve out system ( PNS )
Outside the CNS Contains carnival and spinal nerves Is the communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
54
Sensory divison
Afferent | Converts info to the CNS from muscles and skin and organs
55
Motor divisions
Efferent | Conveys impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
56
What is the largest peripheral nerve
The static
57
Central nervous system ( CNS )
The brain and spinal cord, the integration centers
58
What are the four types of neuroglia
Ependymal cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia
59
What is a ependymal cell
Contact neuroglia directly
60
What is an Astrocyte
Large cell body with many processes
61
What is an Oligodendrocyte
A smaller cell boy with fewer processes
62
What is a microglia
The smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine branched processes
63
What is action potential
-Changes in membrane potential | that involves a depolarization followed by a depolarization
64
depolarization
Na+ inflow when voltage gated fast Na+ channels open
65
Repolarization
Closure of ca+2 channels and K+ outflow
66
12 Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory Nerve Sensory ) 2. Optic Nerve ( Sensory and Technically a tract of the brain 3. Oculomotor (eye) 4. Trochlear ( smallest of the 12) 5. Abducens ( nucleus in the pons ) 6. Trigeminal ( mixed cranial nerve and the largest of the 12) 7. Facial ( miced cranial nerve ) 8. Vestibulocochlear ) Sensory cranial nerve and has two branches) 9. Glossopharyngeal ( mixed cranial nerve ) 10. Vagus ( mixed cranial nerve that is distributed from the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen 11. Accessory ( branchial cranial nerve 12. Hypoglossal (motor cranial nerve)
67
Spinal nerves
Connect to the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
68
Meninges
Three protective, connective tissue covering that encircle the spinal cord and brain 1. Dura Matter 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia Mater

Anatomy & P (9 decks)

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