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Anatomy & P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The three functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input: gather info from receptors
Integration: process info and decision making
Motor output: signal to cause a response

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2
Q

Sensory output

A

Gathering information from receptors

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3
Q

Integration

A

Processing of info and decision making

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4
Q

Motor output

A

Signal to cause a response

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system division

A

Motor neurons controlling skeletal muscle ( voluntary )

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system division

A

Motor neurons controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and glands ( involuntary )
Has 2 divisions

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7
Q

Sympathetic division

A

The fight or flight mobilization

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8
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

The rest and digest energy conservation

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9
Q

Neuron characteristics

A

Longetivity: last a lifetime
Amitotic: once mature they cannot divide
High metabolic rate: consume large amounts of oxygen and nutrients

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10
Q

Supporting cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Astrocytes

A

Attach neurons to capillaries and regulate the chemical environment

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Act as phagocytes

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13
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line fluid filled spaces of CNS and circulate fluids via cillia

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14
Q

Supporting cells of PNS

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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15
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies, function unknown

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form the myelin sheath insulations of the PNS neurons

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17
Q

What is a dendrite

A

many short processes that relay input towards the soma

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18
Q

What is an axon ?

A

A single process that relays impulses away from the soma

what connects the dendrites to the neurilemma

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19
Q

What is the axon terminal

A

Bulbous ends of axons containing neurotransmitters

the end of the neuron, opposite end of dendrites

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20
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

A white fatty wrapping of nerve fibers

Insulate the fiber, increases the speed of nerve impulses

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21
Q

What is white matter

A

Nervous tissue containing bundles of axons ( tracts )

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22
Q

What is grey matter

A

Nervous tissue containing neuron somas and neuroglia

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23
Q

What is the membrane resting potential

A

The voltage measurment across a neuron’s cell membrane

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24
Q

What is a chemically gated channel

A

Those that open in response to the binding of a specific chemical

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25
Q

What is hyperpolerization

A

An increase in the membrane potential

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26
Q

Why does hyperpolorization occur

A

Because the inside of the cell becomes more negative

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27
Q

What are two types of synapse

A

Chemical: slow, active, pseudo- unidirectional
and
electrical: very rapid, passive, bidirectional

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28
Q

What are the parts os a synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron: info sender and releases neurotransmitter from its axon terminal
and
postsynaptic neuron: the information receiver and receives neurotransmitter, usually on its dendrites

29
Q

What are ventricles in the adult brain ? What do they contain ?

A

a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid and located within the brain parenchyma
Composed of 2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle

30
Q

What are the four regions of the brain ?

A

Cerebrun, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem

31
Q

What are the right and left cerebral hemispheres separated by ? Joined by ?

A

They are separated by a groove , the longitudinal fissure

joined by the corpus collasum, a bundle of nerve fibers

32
Q

What is the transverse fissure?

A

divides cerebrum from cerebellum

33
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

The frontal, Paretial, Temporal, Occipital and the Insula

34
Q

What is the central sulcus

A

prominent landmark of the brain, separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex

35
Q

What is the lateral sulcus

A

A deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

36
Q

What is the parietal-occipital sulcus

A

the “groove”
It separates the precuneus of the parietal lobe from the cuneus of the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

37
Q

What are nissl bodies?

A

a large granular body found in neurons

made of RER

38
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

in the area of the neuron that connects the cell body with the axon

39
Q

What is a synaptic knob?

A

The large bulge on the presynaptic neuron

40
Q

What is a collateral

A

subordinate or accessory part, a side branch ( nerve or blood vessel )

41
Q

What is the neurilemma

A

sheath of Schwann, or Schwann’s sheath, the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron

42
Q

What is a node of Ranvier?

A

allow ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon. signal jumps rapidly from node to node

43
Q

What are clusters of cell processes called in the CNS

44
Q

What are clusters of cell processes called in the PNS

A

ganglia short for ganglion

45
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

46
Q

Paretial lobe

A

Somatic sensory processing

47
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory and olfactory processing

48
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

49
Q

Brain stem

A

Stalk of the brain, forms connection to the spinal cord

Includes the midbrain,pons, and medulla oblongata

50
Q

Spinal cord

A

Region of CNS enclosed within the vertebral column

51
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord

A

White matter tracts carry impulses to and from the brain

Internal grey matter performs nervous integration

52
Q

What is a spinal nerve

A

Fusion of dorsal and central roots , contain sensory and motor fibers

53
Q

Peripheral nerve out system ( PNS )

A

Outside the CNS
Contains carnival and spinal nerves
Is the communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

54
Q

Sensory divison

A

Afferent

Converts info to the CNS from muscles and skin and organs

55
Q

Motor divisions

A

Efferent

Conveys impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

56
Q

What is the largest peripheral nerve

A

The static

57
Q

Central nervous system ( CNS )

A

The brain and spinal cord, the integration centers

58
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

59
Q

What is a ependymal cell

A

Contact neuroglia directly

60
Q

What is an Astrocyte

A

Large cell body with many processes

61
Q

What is an Oligodendrocyte

A

A smaller cell boy with fewer processes

62
Q

What is a microglia

A

The smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine branched processes

63
Q

What is action potential

A

-Changes in membrane potential

that involves a depolarization followed by a depolarization

64
Q

depolarization

A

Na+ inflow when voltage gated fast Na+ channels open

65
Q

Repolarization

A

Closure of ca+2 channels and K+ outflow

66
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory Nerve Sensory )
  2. Optic Nerve ( Sensory and Technically a tract of the brain
  3. Oculomotor (eye)
  4. Trochlear ( smallest of the 12)
  5. Abducens ( nucleus in the pons )
  6. Trigeminal ( mixed cranial nerve and the largest of the 12)
  7. Facial ( miced cranial nerve )
  8. Vestibulocochlear ) Sensory cranial nerve and has two branches)
  9. Glossopharyngeal ( mixed cranial nerve )
  10. Vagus ( mixed cranial nerve that is distributed from the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen
  11. Accessory ( branchial cranial nerve
  12. Hypoglossal (motor cranial nerve)
67
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Connect to the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands

68
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective, connective tissue covering that encircle the spinal cord and brain

  1. Dura Matter
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia Mater

Anatomy & P (9 decks)

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