Bones

Question 1

Functions of skeletal system ( BCLPSS )

Answer 1

Support 
Storage of minerals & lipids 
Blood cell production 
Calcium regulation 
Protection 
Leverage/ movement of articulations

Question 2

Bone classifications

Answer 2

Long ( humorous ) 
Flat (partial bone ) 
Short ( carpal bones ) 
Irregular ( vertabra ) 
Sesamoid ( patella ) 
Sutural ( head sutures )

Question 3

bone tissue

Answer 3

Two types
Compact bone: dense, glossy and bright
Spongy bone: open network trabecule, are no osteons

Question 4

Compact bone

Answer 4

Has osteons
Located in shaft, putter surface
Has blood vessels, lamallae, canaliculi, and bone marrow

Question 5

Spongy bone

Answer 5

Has no osteons but has struts
Located in eiphysis
Has no blood vessels
Has Lamallae,canaliculi and bone marrow

Question 6

Bone development

Answer 6

Begins from embryonic tissue or by the repayment of cartilage

Question 7

Ossification

Answer 7

Converting other tissue to bone

Two kinds: Intramembranous & endochondrial

Question 8

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 8

Begins with fetal tissue -> osteoblasts-> osteocytes
Growth begins at primary ossification center.
Forms dermal bones,skull,mandible and clavicle

Question 9

Endochondrial ossification

Answer 9

Bone growth from the hyaline cartilage ( 7 week development )
Goes up til puberty cartilage growth in long bones keeps pace with bone growth
Cartilage is replaced by bone with the release of sex hormones
Bone grows longer and wider
Epiphyseal clouser differs

Question 10

Blood vessels in nature long bone

Answer 10

Nutrient artery
Periosteal artery
Metaphyseal artery

Question 11

Nutrient artery

Answer 11

Branch and supply blood throughout the diaphysis

Question 12

Periosteal artery

Answer 12

Supply blood to the superficial osteons

Question 13

Metaphyseal artery

Answer 13

Supply blood to the epihyseal plate

Question 14

Bone tissue changes

Answer 14

Remodels 20% per year

Exercise improves bone density

Question 15

Hormones that influence bone growth

Answer 15

Growth hormone
calcitriol
sex hormones
thyroxine
calcitonin 
PTH

Question 16

Which hormones regulate blood and calcium levels

Answer 16

Calcitonin and PTH
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels and protects the upper limit of calcium concentration in the blood
PTH increases blood calcium levels and protects the lower limit of calcium concentration in the blood

Question 17

Fracture repair process

Answer 17

Hematoma will form to control bleeding
Cells within endosteum and periosteum divide to form a callus
External callus will stabilize the outer surface
Internal callus will stabilize the inner surface

Question 18

Fracture repair process depends on what two factors

Answer 18

Adequate blood flow following the unhurt

Survival of cells within the periosteum endosteum

Question 19

Types of fracture

OGAPCEC

Answer 19

Open( complex ) and closed ( simple ) 
Green stick fracture 
Spiral fracture
Pitt fracture 
Colors fracture 
Epiphyseal fracture 
Compression fracture

Question 20

Osteoporosis

Answer 20

Decrease in bone density
Greater risk in female then males ( 1/3 of post menopause women are affected )
Smaller Caucasian women
Cannot he prevented but can be slowed down by taking vitamin d and -1000 to 1200 mg of calcium
Exercise can help

Question 21

Arthritis

Answer 21

Inflammation of joints

Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and decrease range f motion

Question 22

3 types of Arthritis

Answer 22

Osteoarthritis: injury, trauma or overuse
Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune condition that effects mostly small joints but also common in elbows and knees
Septic arthritis: pathogen enters due to wound of is blood borne
Gout

Question 23

Arthritis treatment

Answer 23

Rest
Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs 
Corticosteroids 
Humira 
Enbrel

Question 24

Bone markings

Answer 24

Elevations
Projections
Depressions
Grooves and tunnels