Bones Flashcards
Functions of skeletal system ( BCLPSS )
Support Storage of minerals & lipids Blood cell production Calcium regulation Protection Leverage/ movement of articulations
Bone classifications
Long ( humorous ) Flat (partial bone ) Short ( carpal bones ) Irregular ( vertabra ) Sesamoid ( patella ) Sutural ( head sutures )
bone tissue
Two types
Compact bone: dense, glossy and bright
Spongy bone: open network trabecule, are no osteons
Compact bone
Has osteons
Located in shaft, putter surface
Has blood vessels, lamallae, canaliculi, and bone marrow
Spongy bone
Has no osteons but has struts
Located in eiphysis
Has no blood vessels
Has Lamallae,canaliculi and bone marrow
Bone development
Begins from embryonic tissue or by the repayment of cartilage
Ossification
Converting other tissue to bone
Two kinds: Intramembranous & endochondrial
Intramembranous ossification
Begins with fetal tissue -> osteoblasts-> osteocytes
Growth begins at primary ossification center.
Forms dermal bones,skull,mandible and clavicle
Endochondrial ossification
Bone growth from the hyaline cartilage ( 7 week development )
Goes up til puberty cartilage growth in long bones keeps pace with bone growth
Cartilage is replaced by bone with the release of sex hormones
Bone grows longer and wider
Epiphyseal clouser differs
Blood vessels in nature long bone
Nutrient artery
Periosteal artery
Metaphyseal artery
Nutrient artery
Branch and supply blood throughout the diaphysis
Periosteal artery
Supply blood to the superficial osteons
Metaphyseal artery
Supply blood to the epihyseal plate
Bone tissue changes
Remodels 20% per year
Exercise improves bone density
Hormones that influence bone growth
Growth hormone calcitriol sex hormones thyroxine calcitonin PTH
Which hormones regulate blood and calcium levels
Calcitonin and PTH
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels and protects the upper limit of calcium concentration in the blood
PTH increases blood calcium levels and protects the lower limit of calcium concentration in the blood
Fracture repair process
Hematoma will form to control bleeding
Cells within endosteum and periosteum divide to form a callus
External callus will stabilize the outer surface
Internal callus will stabilize the inner surface
Fracture repair process depends on what two factors
Adequate blood flow following the unhurt
Survival of cells within the periosteum endosteum
Types of fracture
OGAPCEC
Open( complex ) and closed ( simple ) Green stick fracture Spiral fracture Pitt fracture Colors fracture Epiphyseal fracture Compression fracture
Osteoporosis
Decrease in bone density
Greater risk in female then males ( 1/3 of post menopause women are affected )
Smaller Caucasian women
Cannot he prevented but can be slowed down by taking vitamin d and -1000 to 1200 mg of calcium
Exercise can help
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints
Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and decrease range f motion
3 types of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis: injury, trauma or overuse
Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune condition that effects mostly small joints but also common in elbows and knees
Septic arthritis: pathogen enters due to wound of is blood borne
Gout
Arthritis treatment
Rest Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroids Humira Enbrel
Bone markings
Elevations
Projections
Depressions
Grooves and tunnels
