Exam 2 Flashcards
what are steps 1-4 in the research process
1) identify the research question
2) conduct a review of the literature
3) identify a theoretical framework
4) select a research design
what are steps 5-8 in the research process
5) implement the study
6) analyze data
7) draw conclusions
8) disseminate findings
concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense and including one or more concepts
research question
how do you narrow the research question
clinical practice, problem of interest, research topic, generate question, research problem, research purpose, research question
Every primary research report has at least one
overarching research question
What is the relationship between theory, practice, and research question(s)?
Theory is born in practice, is refined in research, and must and can return to practice if research is to be other than a draining off of energy from the main business of nursing and theory is more than idle speculation
describe level 1 evidence
meta analysis
systematic reviews of RCT
integrative reviews
current practice guidelines
describe level 2 evidence
randomized controlled trials
describe level 3 evidence
controlled trials without randomization
quasi-experimental
describe level 4 evidence
cohort studies (epidemiologic) case controlled studies (epidemiologic)
describe level 5 evidence
systematic review of descriptive studies
systematic review of qualitative studies (meta analysis)
correlational studies
describe level 6 evidence
single descriptive study single QUALITATIVE study case studies (epidemiologic) case reports concept analysis
describe level 7 evidence
EXPERT OPINION of authorities
reports of expert communities
manufacturer’s recommendations
traditional literature reviews
Concepts (building blocks of theory) are identified in
qualitative research (level VI evidence)
Hypotheses (theoretical ideas) are tested in
quantitative research at all levels (level II, III, IV, VI evidence)
Nursing theory to have impact for practice must be a theory at the most sophisticated level
a situation-producing theory
level II or III evidence
researchable questions for level 6
what is
what are
(factor isolation questions)
researchable questions for level 4
what is the relationship
factor related questions
researchable questions for level 2 or 3
what would happen if
why
(situation relating questions)
Where is the research question found in an article
Research question(s) is/are either implied in the purpose statement or explicitly written in the article
steps of evidence based process
1) identify research question
2) search literature for highest level of evidence available
3) conduct a critical appraisal of literature for quality and applicability
4) institute recommendations in practice
5) evaluation outcomes of change in practice
what model is used in evidence based practice
PICOT
what does PICOT stand for
Patient population or pt condition of interest Intervention of interest Comparison of interest Outcome of interest Time
qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that are manipulated or measured in research
variables
concept vs variable in relation to pain
concept = pain (uncomfortable experience) variable= intensity, type, location, and duration of pain
definitions of concepts contained in a theory that sound like dictionary definitions
conceptual definition
definitions that explicitly state how the variable will be measured
operational definition
intervention or treatment that is manipulated by the researcher
independent variable
outcome or variable that is influenced by the independent variable
dependent variable
terminology associated with dependent
Outcome
Effect
Response
Y
terminology associated with independent
Intervention Treatment Manipulated or Stimulated Experimental Group(ing) Predictors (factors) X
characteristics or attributes of subjects collected to describe the sample; found in a research report in a table or narrative format
demographic variable
not of direct interest to the researcher but could affect or interfere with the major variables measured; often controlled in a study; exist in all studies
Extraneous or confounding variable
what is used to control for extraneous variables
inclusion or exclusion criteria
The assignment of numerical values to concepts to reflect properties of those concepts
measurement
levels of measurement (lowest to highest)
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
numbers (with no quantitative meaning) are
assigned simply as labels to classify attributes into mutually exclusive & collectively exhaustive categories when entering data
nominal
what must be used for nominal level of measurement
nonparametric statistics
numbers (with no meaning for distance between categories) used to designate an order or ranking of attributes
ordinal
what must be used for ordinal level of measurement
Must use nonparametric statistics
numbers assigned that indicate both the ordering
of an attribute & the equal magnitude of the distance between different amounts of the attribute
interval/ratio
ratio measurements have
an absolute zero point (zero means absolutely none of the property)
what may be used for interval/ration level of measurement
parametric statistics
example of interval
room temperature in degrees
example of ratio
pain level on a VAS scale
example of ordinal
what extent are you satisfied with your care? scale from 1(extremely dissatisfied) to 5(extremely satisfied)
