Exam 1 Flashcards
a planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or discovery of solutions to problems or questions
nursing research
the body of knowledge that is unique to the discipline of nursing
nursing science
what does nursing science include
clinical nursing research
research in nursing
nursing research conducted by nurses either individually or in a team that addresses human responses to alterations or potential alterations in health
clinical nursing research
components of evidence based practice
Research
Clinical expertise
Patient preferences
what is nursing described as
both a science and an art
what types of processes do nurses use
scientific research (PhD) and EBP (DNP) processes
4 Major Historical Influences on Nursing Research
Educational preparation of nurses in universities
Development of professional journals
Theory & taxonomy development
(the language of science) NANDA, NIC, NOC
Funding for conducting research
what year was Nightingale Training school for Nurses” established in UK (now part of Kings College in London)
1860
First nursing schools in US
1872
Criteria set for undergraduate nursing research course in BSN programs
1976
year of Development of first Professional Journal
1900 – American Journal of Nursing
Nursing was defined in the ANA Social Policy Statement
1980
current and future emphasis of nursing
Promotion of excellence in nursing science by conducting clinically based outcome studies that provide the foundation for evidence-based practice
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Advancing the Quality of Life: Symptom Management and Self-Management End-of-Life and Palliative Care Innovation Developing Nurse Scientists
Strategic Plan 2011 (nursing research areas of focus)
this must be the predominant focus of research efforts
Direct nursing interventions
3 phases of nursing research
Service – 1900 to 1946
Academic – 1947 to 1959
Clinical – 1960 to present
describe the service phase
Education = Hospital-based Uniformed services Research focus Time & motion studies by engineers Role & function studies by sociologists
describe the academic phase
Education = University-based Research focus Curriculum teaching methods role & function of dean/faculty
describe the clinical phase
Education = advanced practice nursing with graduate education in nursing Standards for clinical practice Nursing diagnosis (NANDA), interventions (NIC), outcomes (NOC) Qualitative research Research focus Clinical studies Research utilization/EBP Theory testing & development
what 4 things happened in the advancement of nursing as science
1-education (hospital training to universities)
2-journals (research)
3-doctorates in nursing
4-national institute of nursing research (funded research)
a systematic process of investigating problems to gain knowledge about improving care that nurses provide
nursing research
sources of evidence
Tradition Expert authority Trial and error Personal experiences Intuition Borrowed evidence Scientific research
steps of the research process
1- identify the research question 2- conduct a review of the literature 3- identify a theoretic framework 4-select a research study 5-implement the study 6-analyze the data 7-draw conclusions 8- disseminate findings
an approach to decision-making in which the clinician
(physician, nurse, etc) uses
evidence based practice
3 components of evidence based practice
- current best evidence or research-based information
available (external evidence) - clinical expertise & outcomes management or quality improvement projects (internal evidence)
- consultation with the patient/family/community
nurses use what to review research publications & other information sources
critical thinking skills
after sources are critically evaluated…
nurses use their clinical decision-making skills to apply evidence to patient care
Use search skills to locate up-to-date information from relevant, valid _____________ about the effects of different forms of nursing care
systematic reviews of research
what is the strongest evidence
secondary sources
what are examples of secondary sources
Summary review
Clinical practice guidelines
original information presented by the person or people responsible for creating it
primary source
commentary, summary, review or interpretations of primary sources often written by those not involved in the original work
secondary source
a summary of evidence on a particular topic, typically by an expert or expert panel that used a rigorous process for identifying, appraising, and synthesizing multiple studies
systematic review
describe Quantitative (level I)
Systematic review with meta-analysis or Cochrane review
Integrative review
Narrative review
Clinical practice guidelines
describe Qualitative (level V)
Metasummary
Meta- synthesis
5 step approach for evidence based practice
ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess
hierarchy of evidence I-III
I: systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs
II: At least one well designed RCT
III: Well designed controlled trials without randomization
hierarchy of evidence IV-VI
IV: well-designed case-control and cohort studies
V: systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
VI: a single descriptive or qualitative study
hierarchy of evidence level VII
the opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees
what level has the highest strength of evidence
level 1
what determines the strength of evidence
Level of evidence + quality of the evidence
Evidence-Based Practice equals what
high quality healthcare
types of qualitative research
Historical Hermeneutic inquiry Descriptive analysis Ethnoscience Philosophical inquiry Narrative inquiry Content analysis
describe quantative
Logical Positivism
belief in obtaining objective data through measurement instruments
“truth” is absolute; there is a single reality that one can define by careful measurement
describe qualatative
Naturalistic Interpretivism
obtaining subjective data by understanding meaning under natural conditions
“truth” is dynamic; there may be many realities by studying persons as they interact & in their socio-historical settings; Because perception varies with the individual, including researchers, many meanings are possible
literature differences between qualitative and quantatitive
Quantitative: literature review
Qualitative: no literature
theory differences between Quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative: theoretical framework or theory
Qualitative: no framework or theory
human sample differences between Quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative: subjects
Qualitative: participants or informants
sample selection differences between quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative: random
Qualitative: non random
