Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
the Sea people came and conquered these northern raiders; featured military campaigns to expand their power into Mesopotamia and Egypt
A
Hittites
2
Q
An Indo-European people that founded the most powerful of the Middle East’s new states; they were located in north-central Anatolia
A
Hittites
3
Q
Who sacked Babylon?
A
Hittites
4
Q
They adapted cuneiform to write their language and assimilated influences from the civilizations they found already established in the Middle East
A
Hittites
5
Q
Which people lived in isolated, self-sufficient villages and founded few cities?
A
Hittites
6
Q
heavily fortified capital; was a warlike tribal society that was well mobilized to support a large, expensively equipped army.
A
Hattusas
7
Q
Their king shared power with a council consisting of the heads of his subjects’ chief families, and his government was plagued by coups, assassinations, and disputed successions.
A
Hattusas
8
Q
The gate that provided entrance to the citadel at Mycenae was formed from huge blocks of stone and decorated with a tympanum depicting two lions flanking a pillar, a motif found in Mesopotamian art.
A
Lion Gates of Hattusas
9
Q
primarily only on Crete and get taken over by the Greeks
A
Minoan Civilization
10
Q
What is the time period of the Minoan civilization?
A
2600-1400 BCE
11
Q
Aegean Bronze Age civilization that has a large palace complex at Knossos; Linear A appears here; production and trade in wine and olive oil
A
Minoans
12
Q
The Minoan economy was based on what?
A
Sea trade and the export of luxury goods
13
Q
Greece’s first civilization; was the invention of mainland kingdoms that were tiny imitators of the great states of Egypt and Mesopotamia
A
Mycenaean Civilization
14
Q
Mycenaean palaces were great _________ to which besieged populations could retreat
A
citadels
15
Q
Which civilization was wealthy and warlike?
A
Mycenaean
16
Q
What period was the Time of Turmoil where the Trojan War took place?
A
1200-1000 BCE
17
Q
The Time of Turmoil was the end of which 3 civilizations?
A
Hittite, New Kingdom Egypt; Mycenaean
18
Q
the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
A
Homer
19
Q
a brilliant self‐taught German archaeologist who discovered the site of Troy. His excavations there and on the mainland of Greece uncovered evidence for several wars and for the great Greek kingdoms that could have fought them.
A
Schliemann
20
Q
The “Father of Modern Archaeology” who used Homer to uncover the Mycenaean Civilization; found gold there
A
Heinrich Schliemann
21
Q
It is the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad,
A
Troy
22
Q
Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles.
A
The Iliad
23
Q
a city in northwestern Asia minor; featured in the Iliad; Site of a ten year Greek siege
A
Troy
24
Q
Along with Arthur Evans, _______________ was a pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age.
A
Heinrich Schliemann
25
City in the Northeastern Peloponnese that was discovered by Schliemann
Mycenae
26
small packed cities with large walls; were buried with armor, chariots, gold, masks, and weapons
Mycenae
27
Who ruled Mycenae?
Agamemnon
28
English archaeologist most famous for unearthing the palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete
Sir Arthur Evans
29
found clay tablets in Mycenae; Professor of Oxford.
Sir Evans
30
Immense, lavishly decorated Minoan palace with plumbing, sewage, and 300 rooms; not only a residence but a storehouse for trade goods;
Knossos
31
What trade goods can you find at Knossos?
chambers of wine and olive oil
32
Where is Knossos located?
Island of Crete
33
spoke Ancient Greek; found evidence of them in Aegean Sea; warfare, militaristic society
Mycenaeans
34
they used Linear B and participated in trade in wine and olive oil
Mycenaeans
35
Minoans primarily lived here and built palaces for merchant-princes here
Crete
36
2 script versions: Linear A and Linear B; have lines and hash marks for accounting (inventory) and economic documents
Minoan clay tablets
37
Minoans developed these writing tablets; found only in Crete from Knossos
Linear A
38
not deciphered; the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization
Linear A
39
found in Crete and Pylos (Carl Blegen); Script developed by the Mycenaeans following the example of the Minoans (Linear A)
Linear B
40
Only one of the three linears to be deciphered; earliest recorded writings of the Greek language; inventories of supplies and ration lists
Linear B
41
found Linear B clay tablets in Pylos
Carl Blegen
42
English linguist and architect who found Alice Kober's notes and created the Ventris Grid to crack Linear B
Michael Ventris
43
Michael Ventris used this to try and crack a Linear B clay tablet
Ventris Grid
44
Scholar who was fascinated with Linear B; dies before she was able to uncrack Linear B
Alice Kober
45
words from a Linear B tablet that means "tripod"; helped Ventris realize that this was Ancient Greek bc tripod's origin is Greek
Ti-ri-po-de
46
Linear B word
ti-ri-po-de
47
less advanced Greek-speaking invaders from the north who overwhelmed the Mycenaean civilization, uprising within the civilization
Dorians
48
"Sea People"
Dorians
49
During this time, we begin to see a relationship b/t protector-gods and city-states
Archaic Greece
50
An era without literacy; happened when all of the Mycenaean kingdoms had collapsed a few decades after Pylos was destroyed and abandoned
Dark Ages
51
What was the time period for the Dark Ages?
1000-750 BCE
52
What era was when Homer began to write in ancient Greek alphabet?
Archaic Age
53
What was the time period for the Archaic Age?
750-550 BCE
54
served as the major cult site during classical times for the worship of the god Apollo
Delphi
55
A celebration of Zeus every four years. All male and performed in the nude
Olympic Games
56
A series of 22 written symbols that represented sounds.; was used as a model for Western alphabet
Phoenician Alphabet
57
Greeks, through whom the gods spoke, who gives a prophecy; they would go into a trance
oracles
58
People came from all over Greece and beyond to have their questions about the future answered by the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo
Oracle at Delphi
59
Archaic age female Lyric/Love Poet
Sappho
60
Literally means the origin of the gods; preserves the story of the Titans and how they were destroyed by Zeus
Theogony
61
Hesiod's description of the annual round of labor on a Greek farm
Work and Days
62
catalogues the adventures of Odysseus, one of their (Agamemnon and Achilles) companions, on his way home from the Trojan War
Odyssey
63
Greek for "moral virtue" or "excellence"; only a males can have this virtue
areté
64
Greek philosophers prior to Socrates (469-399 BCE) who studied the external world and natural science, whereas later Greek thinkers focused on the internal world of human psychology, rationality, and values.
Pre-Socratics
65
Who are the 3 Pre-Socratics?
Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Pythagoras of Samos
66
concerned with the origins of the universe
Cosmogony
67
concerned with the structure of the universe
Cosmology
68
Who believed "All is Water"?
Thales
69
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who thought the primal element and way of understanding the cosmos was water; thought everything was made of water; he thought that flat earth was floating on water so the movement of the earth shaking was b/c of the waves of the water
Thales of Miletus
70
Who believed "All is Apareon"?
Anaximander
71
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who thought his teacher Thales's thought of water was stupid; he thought the whole universe was constructed of Apareon (the infinite, the boundless); thought the earth was a big cylinder, the people on top, around earth was a round of water, then air, then fire
Anaximander
72
Who believed "All is Number"?
Pythagoras
73
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who came up with the Pythagorean theorem; thought there was a tool (number) in understanding the structure of the universe; believed understanding mathematics and numbers would help you understand the universe; the perfect shape was the sphere; believed universe was (centered around earth) made of spheres
Pythagoras
74
An ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine
Hippocrates of Cos
75
He is referred to as the "Father of Western Medicine"
Hippocrates
76
Greek city-state surrounded by farmland
Polis
77
shows scene from The Odyssey where Odysseus tells men to plug ears so they won't hear sirens
Siren Vase
78
Exposure depends on if you become a slave or not-from war, unwanted child can be placed anywhere, too poor and sell children into slavery; A form of slavery in which the enslaved are treated legally as property
chattel slavery
79
only applies equally to all free male citizens
justice
80
if you are a free male born in the city-state, you are a citizen; as a citizen, you have certain access to the courts and ideas of the rules to your city-state
citizenship
81
power effectively rests with a small number of people
Oligarchy
82
rule by a tyrant or someone who illegitimately comes to power by force
tyranny
83
What are the 3 examples of a Polis?
Sparta, Corinth, and Athens
84
live in an area that was very dangerous to navigate; in winter there is snow; agricultural; land power; secretive
Sparta
85
Was Sparta an oligarchy, tyranny, or democracy?
military oligarchy
86
Which league was Sparta a part of Delian or Peloponnesian?
Peloponnesian
87
enslaved people conquered by Spartans and forced to do all agricultural work for them; they are not bought and sold, but belong to the land that they work on, so if land is sold, the land comes with the _________ that work there
Helots
88
"supposedly" came up with idea of having Spartan men and women trained to be military fighters to keep peace in Sparta (make sure helots didn't rebel) and become military city-state
Lycurgus
89
The polis' chief form of government. Group of 28 elders over the age of 60 who held their position for life. The first significant constitutional innovation instituted by Lycurgus
Gerousia
90
in tiny sliver of land, connecting main land to the other part of Greece; become wealthy b/c of taxing on trade (it was easier for other city-states to cross the other side of _________ than to go around through other places)
Corinth
91
Was Corinth an oligarchy, tyranny, or democracy?
starts off as oligarchy then goes to tyranny
92
the first tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BCE; a popular ruler; refused to imprison those who failed to pay fines
Cypselus
93
Sprang up around the acropolis; rocky plateau that served as a fortress and rallying point for the early inhabitants of Attica. Most associated with the achievements of Hellenic civilization; the leading city of Ancient Greece
Athens
94
Was Athens an oligarchy, tyranny, or democracy?
originally an oligarchy, then becomes democracy
95
Which league was Athens a part of Delian or Peloponnesian?
Delian
96
Athenian, aristocratic poet that invents democracy; old rich families picked him to fix the problem of the old ways and keep people from revolting against aristocrats; stated that Athenians cannot own other Athenians, but can own other people (Corinthians)
Solon
97
he cancels all debts and the aristocrats become mad; states that free Athenian males who own property can participate in the government (eventually they stated that their parents had to be born in Athens)
Solon
98
town or city council of people picked from a lot (random); serve for a limited time; appointed to run daily affairs of the city
Boule
99
an aristocrat that is not happy with the democracy, takes over, and becomes tyrant; takes land away from aristocrats and gives it to his supporters
Peisistratus
100
Athenian Traitor during Persian War
Hippias
101
After Peisistratus dies, his son, takes over and becomes the next tyrant; an aristocratic revolt arises and he runs from the city; goes with Persians to help them attack Athena; had a dream that he was sleeping with his mother (believed it to be Athens); died in battle
Hippias
102
leads an uprising against tyrants, kills one of Peisistratus' sons, but Hippias escapes; made land ownership no longer a criteria for citizenship to help the people, but still kept the wealthy in power
Cleisthenes
103
he creates ostracism; Leader of the Alcmaeonids. Became the next tyrant. Introduced ostracism and may have gerrymandered. Contributed to Athens' trade-based economy
Cleisthenes
104
System in which the Athenian electorate took ostraca (fragments of pottery used as ballots) and voted men suspected as being dangerous to the city out of Athens for 10 years
Ostracism
105
central square in a town or Polis, usually the marketplace but often including civic buildings
agora
106
master road builders; The Achaemenid Empire, or ____________, was an empire in Western and Central Asia
Persians
107
capital of Persian empire; where the Greeks claimed the imperial treasury
Susa
108
former city-state capital of Lydia; the Greek rebels drove the Persians out of here
Sardis
109
new dualistic religion; used to be the state religion for the Persians; based on this belief that there is an eternal struggle b/t good and evil; those who followed Ahura Mazda would be saved
Zoroastriansism
110
What was sacred in Zoroastrianism?
fire
111
good god that is engaged in an eternal conflict with evil; described as the highest spirit of worship in Zoroastrianism
Ahura Mazda
112
successor of Cyrus; Persian king that follows Zoroastrianism; conquers various regions; Built Persepolis. Persian emperor and brutally punished Miletus; Ordered attack on Marathon
Darius 522-486 BCE
113
new Persian capital; means "city of the Persians"; built to be a monumental imperial city
Persepolis
114
What is the time period of the Greek Golden Age?
500-403 BCE
115
Persians battled in this battle form; well-organized attacks
Phalanx
116
The ancient city of Troy was located near the western entrance of the strait, and the strait's Asiatic shore was the focus of the Trojan War.
Hellespont
117
Athenian traitor during Peloponnesian War
Alcibiades
118
Truce during Peloponnesian War; Truce that Nicias started b/c both sides were wounded
Peace of Niacins 421-415
119
a lubricant, fuel, and major source of fat in the ancient world's grain-based diet
wine, wood and olive oil
120
people competed athletically and academically; It was not the reason that we have the Olympics but more of a way to keep time.
olympic games
121
The Greeks borrowed this for their writing in linear b.
Phoenician alphabet
122
If parents didn't want their children, they could leave them
| exposed to the gods; if you found an exposed child you could raise them as a slave.
exposure
123
ruled by the citizens. citizens of the polis are going to have their own say. They had their own system of governing
democracy
124
Founder of a gigantic Persian empire that stretched from Egypt to India; built the royal road systems
Cyrus the Great 560-530
125
early Greek philosophers who believed in using rationality rather than mythology to understand the universe; cities under Persian control;
Ionians
126
later on decide to revolt and not pay taxes; they ask mainland Greek cities for help; only 2 city-states help: Pyronians and Athenians; Persians come and squash the revolt
Ionians
127
Darius launches a naval attack and burns down this city as revenge against the Athenians
Eretria
128
Miltiades, military leader, commanded that they land on this beach, march, and attack Persians
Marathon
129
more heavily armored; had to pay for their own armor; has swords and spears
Greek Hoplites
130
lightly armored with a shield and most were archers
Persian soldier
131
What is the time period of the Persian Wars?
490-479 BCE
132
Persians left Marathon when they were retreating to Athens, but the Athens made it back in time and Persians had to retreat; Darius starts planning a huge invasion, has stroke and dies
Battle of Marathon
133
Battle of Marathon was the first battle of this war and the Athens won
Persian Wars
134
Darius's son who grew up with father obsessing over the destruction of Athens; becomes obsessed like his father; Persian king; started 2nd Persian War
Xerxes, 486-464 BC
135
Spartans go and ask everyone to fight Persians; 31 city-state Greek league that will fight Persians; Sparta leads them
Hellenic League
136
What is the time period of the Peloponnesian War?
431-404 BC
137
Narrow valley where Spartans were lined around the mountains and began attacking the Persians; narrow pass in the mountains that the Persians took to attack Spartans
Thermopylae
138
What is the temple that is on top and in the middle of Athens?
Parthenon
139
During the war, what two things are burned and destroyed?
Parthenon and the Olive Tree (Athena's gift)
140
a small island just off the coast of the Attik Peninsula where the naval battle between the Persians and Athenians took place
Salamis
141
Athenian victory of this naval battle; Persians have to withdraw b/c the Athenians ram and destroy their supply ships; last Persian war with the Greeks winning
Battle of Salamis
142
created for defense purposes; Athens controlled this league and Sparta was not in this league; Each city was supposed to contribute a certain # of Triremes; Athens built the best one so people paid Athens to build theirs; Athens takes in multiple dues to offer naval defenses for other city-states; Paperwork was signed on Island of Delos; has over 150 city-states
Delian league 477 BCE
143
Small Athenian warship; means three banks of rowers; built to ram other ships
Triremes
144
Spartans create this league to rival the Athenian's Delian League; they contribute infantry and land power; Conflicts b/t the Greeks (Sparta & Athens) start in Greece; Athenians saying that they were the ones that won the war and they need to create more city-states for defense purposes
Peloponnesian league
145
leader of Athens; Arcons; behind the rebuilding of Parthenon and gigantic walls surrounding Athens and protecting the Athenian port
Pericles, 495-429
146
city that chose to be on the Spartans side; Athenians attacked them; Small polis that made a deal with Athens. The deal allowed them to use Pega, a small port behind _________ on the Gulf of Corinth
Megara
147
Athenian historian; c.460-400 BCE; he was a commander and lost battle of Amphipolis; Exiled for 20 years in 424 BCE b/c he lost that battle; starts collecting evidence of the war around him; Unfinished work: History of the Peloponnesian War; writes history with what he thinks is important for people to know
Thucydides
148
What was the time period for the first phase of the Peloponnesian War?
431-421 BC
149
What sparked the Peloponnesian War?
Megara
150
Pericles got stuck there during the siege of Athens while giving this
Funeral oration by Pericles
151
What happens during the siege of Athens?
plague breaks out in Athens and Pericles dies of disease
152
During the Peloponnesian War, ______________ won land battles (mostly controlled land) and ______________ won naval battles (mostly controlled the sea).
Spartans; Athenians
153
Melos wanted to be neutral, but Athenians said they couldn't and destroyed them to force them to join their side
Destruction of Melos, 416 BCE
154
What was the time period for the second phase of the Peloponnesian War?
415-404 BCE
155
Told Alcibiades that war is bad and it won't end well; after being defeated in the argument he volunteers to help
Nicias
156
Family of Pericles; Kind of a young party boy and disrespects God; Then decides the clean up act and be a true and good Athenian; Goes to town council and tells them that they have to destroy the Spartans; His plan was to attack one of Sparta's biggest allies
Alcibiades
157
one of Sparta's biggest allies; supplies them with goods; small city in Sicily
syracuse
158
center of religion with the temple to Athena in the center
Acropolis
159
center or plaza of Athens
Athenian Agora
160
A conference or meeting to discuss a particular subject with drinking and sometimes prostitutes
symposium
161
main gift to gods was animal sacrifice; Prometheus made first sacrifice; origin of Greek sacrifice; thigh bones covered in fat & wine are burned; gods enjoy the smells; meat left over is for the people; typically there is a feast after a sacrifice
sacrifice
162
The way to show respect to the gods, through sacrifice. A portion of your harvest, an animal, or the pouring of wine onto the altar were acceptable sacrifices. Altars were on the outside of the temples. Remember, religion is a public thing. There was no notion of "loving" the gods. Greeks felt that the divine was all around them.
Eusebia
163
high city center with key buildings
acropolis
164
goddess of wisdom and useful arts. Zeus's daughter, temple at Parthenon, gifted olives to the Greeks. Patron deity of Athens
Athena
165
temple dedicated to Athena in Athens; has statue of Athena constructed of gold and ivory
parthenon
166
teachers of wisdom; paid teachers who taught how to win arguments instead of seeking the truth
Sophists
167
Who were the great 3 Western philosophers?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
168
What is the order of the Greek philosophers (who taught who)?
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (SPA)
169
the Greek god that gave the Greeks knowledge and wine
Dionysus
170
What is Dionysus the god of?
wine and drama
171
Philosopher; critic (hater) of the Sophists, and questioned everything. Was put on trial after the wake of the Peloponnesian war because society needed someone to blame b/c he was Alcibiades' teacher
Socrates, 469-399 BC
172
What does Socrates do after he thinks that the Athenians do not want him alive?
kills himself
173
What are the charges brought against Socrates?
he is blamed for the corruption of the youth (kept making them question their lives), impiety (disrespecting the gods
174
In Greek, this word means explanation
apology
175
Plato's teacher
Socrates
176
Having to do with Socrates or his teaching method, in which he systematically questioned the student in conversation in order to draw forth truths
socratic method
177
Socrates' most famous pupil
Plato
178
After Socrates died he started the Academy and taught what Socrates believed. Wrote the Republic, criticized democracy
Plato
179
Created in Athens, 6th BC; place of recitation of epic poetry; cult of Dionysus begins during this time
Greek Theater
180
What were the two genres of plays that became popular in Greek Theater 5th BC?
tragedy and comedy
181
These Greek plays, Aeschylus, Sophocles (Antigone), Euripides (Medea) were tragedies or comedies?
tragedy
182
This Greek play, Aristophanes (Clouds, Lysistrata), was a tragedy or comedy?
comedy
