Exam 2 Flashcards
systolic pressure
the amount of pressure in your arteries during contraction of your heart muscle
diastolic pressure
The bottom number refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats.
blood pressure
the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
sphygmomanometer
an instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff that is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff.
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
low blood pressure
angiocardiography and angiocardiogram
Angiocardiography is contrast radiography of the heart and great vessels. A liquid radiocontrast agent, typically containing iodine, is injected into the bloodstream, then the tissues are examined using X-rays.
echocardiography
An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart. (It is not abbreviated as ECG, because that is an abbreviation for an electrocardiogram.)
EKG
Heart Function and the ECG. Electrode leads on the chest wall are able to detect electrical impulses that are generated by the heart. Multiple leads provide many electrical views of the heart.
radiography
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays to view the internal structure of an object. To create the image, a beam of X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, is produced by an X-ray generator and is projected toward the object.
pathology
the study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes
aneurysm
A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.
angiopathy
Angiopathy is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
arteriosclerosis
the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
atrial septal defect
ASD
This defect allows oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart. ASD is a defect in the septum between the heart’s two upper chambers (atria)
ventricular septal defect
VSD
VSD is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. In normal development, the wall between the chambers closes before the fetus is born, so that by birth, oxygen-rich blood is kept from mixing with the oxygen-poor blood.
cardiomyopathy
An acquired or hereditary disease of heart muscle, this condition makes it hard for the heart to deliver blood to the body, and can lead to heart failure.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A condition in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick.
dilated cardiomyopathy
(DCM) is a condition in which the heart’s ability to pump blood is decreased because the heart’s main pumping chamber, the left ventricle, is enlarged and weakened. In some cases, it prevents the heart from relaxing and filling with blood as it should.
congestive heart failure
occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body’s needs
congestion vs edema
Pulmonary edema is much the same as congestion except that the substance in the alveoli is the watery plasma of blood, rather than whole blood
ascites
Ascites is a gastroenterological term for an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
diuresis
increased or excessive production of urine
prophylaxis
action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease.
occlusion
the blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ.
ischemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
necrosis
the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
infarction
the obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
sinus rhythm
A sinus rhythm is any cardiac rhythm where depolarisation of the cardiac muscle begins at the sinus node. It is characterised by the presence of correctly oriented P waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG). Sinus rhythm is necessary, but not sufficient, for normal electrical activity within the heart.
arrhythmia
Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.
stethescope
a medical instrument for listening to the action of someone’s heart or breathing, typically having a small disk-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest and two tubes connected to earpieces.
heart murmur
Heart murmurs are sounds during your heartbeat cycle — such as whooshing or swishing — made by turbulent blood in or near your heart.
holosystolic and pansystolic
A holosystolic murmur begins at the first heart sound (S1) and continue to the second heart sound (S2), as illustrated in the phonocardiogram. Typically high-pitched, these murmurs are usually caused by ventricular septal defect, mitral regurgitation or tricuspid regurgitation
vascular
of, relating to, affecting, or consisting of a vessel or vessels, especially those that carry blood.
perivascular
situated or occurring around a blood vessel.
vasoconstrictor and vasodilator
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels.
perfusion
Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue.
CRT
A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a specialized vacuumtube in which images are produced when an electron beam strikes aphosphorescent surface. Most desktop computer displays make useof CRTs.
thoracic
the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration
mediastinum
The mediastinum (from Medieval Latin mediastinus, “midway”[1]) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue, as an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax. The mediastinum contains the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, thymus and lymph nodes of the central chest.
pericardium
the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
endocardium
the thin, smooth membrane that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves.
epicardium
a serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
Parietal pericardium
The outer layer of the pericardium which is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. The pericardium has outer and inner coats.
visceral
visceral pericardium the inner layer of the serous pericardium, which is in contact with the heart and roots of the great vessel, also called epicardium
myocardium
the muscular tissue of the heart.
embolus
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.
embolism
An embolism is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel. The embolus may be a blood clot (thrombus), a fat globule (fat embolism), a bubble of air or other gas (gas embolism), or foreign material.
thromboembolism
obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation.
endocarditis
An infection of the heart’s inner lining, usually involving the heart valves
hemangioma
Hemangiomas, or infantile hemangiomas, are noncancerous growths of blood vessels. They’re the most common growths or tumors in children. They usually grow for a period of time and then subside without treatment.
hematoma
Note that in this case, oma does not mean tumor
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
hypercapnia and hypocapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration.
is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation.
hypoxia and anoxia
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level
an absence or deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues; severe hypoxia.
cyanosis
Cyanosis is defined as the bluish or purplish discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation.
infarct/infarction
the obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
ischemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
myocarditis
Inflammation of the middle layer of the heart wall.
occlusion
the blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ.
pericarditis
A swelling and irritation of the thin saclike membrane surrounding the heart (pericardium).
regurgitation
Regurgitation is the name for leaking heart valves. Sometimes the condition is minor and may not require treatment, but other times valve regurgitation places a strain on the heart. It can cause the heart to work harder and it may not pump the same amount of blood.
shock
a critical condition that is brought on by a sudden drop in blood flow through the body. The circulatory system fails to maintain adequate blood flow, sharply curtailing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs.
How does tissue perfusion relate to shock?
shock, is a life-threatening medical condition of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function
What are some major signs of shock?
Severe weakness.
Cool feet.
Poor pulse; a pulse that is difficult to read.
Very low blood pressure.
Severe lethargy or inactivity.
Hyperventilation.
Respiratory failure.
Hemorrhage.How does shock affect the heart rate?
The heart rate becomes rapid
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.
thrombolytic
Thrombolysis, also known as thrombolytic therapy, is a treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs.
anticoagulants
Anticoagulants, commonly referred to as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.
shunt
A cardiac shunt is a pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system.
angioplasty
opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to your heart muscle.
angiorrhaphy
Suture repair of any vessel, especially of a blood vessel
arteriectomy
the surgical removal of a segment of an artery.
arteriotomy
is a medical term for an opening or cut of an artery wall. It is a common step in many vascular surgical procedures and operations
fibrillation
is an irregular and uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of ventricles. It is a common cause of cardiac arrest and is usually fatal if not reversed by defibrillation.
hemostasis
the stopping of a flow of blood.
defribillation
the stopping of fibrillation of the heart by administering a controlled electric shock in order to allow restoration of the normal rhythm.
stent
A stent is a small mesh tube that’s used to treat narrow or weak arteries.
valvotomy
A balloon valvotomy is a treatment for mitral valve stenosis. It is a procedure that widens the mitral valve so that blood flows more easily through the heart.
