CV checklist 2

Question 1

P wave

Answer 1

Atrial depolarization

Question 2

QRS wave

Answer 2

ventricular depolarization

Question 3

T wave

Answer 3

repolarization of ventricles

Question 4

Heart block

Answer 4

any interruption of the conduction impulse pathway

Question 5

the part of the conduction system that is most commonly involved in heart block?

Answer 5

AV node

Question 6

why do the ventricles continue to contract even though the signal from the SA node is not getting down to the ventricles?

Answer 6

special areas in the ventricles may create electrical signals to cause the ventricles to contract. This natural backup system is slower than the normal heart rate and isn’t coordinated with the contraction of the atria.

Question 7

the two divisions of the ANS and their neurotransmitter chemicals??

Answer 7

the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

Question 8

HR

Answer 8

Heart rate

Question 9

what effect does epinephrine have on the SA node

Answer 9

increases heart rate

Question 10

what effect does acetylcholine have on the SA node?

Answer 10

It slows it down

Question 11

Blood pressure difference between the left and right ventricles

Answer 11

The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure. The right ventricle is triangular in shape and extends from the tricuspid valve in the right atrium to near the apex of the heart.

Question 12

where is BP the lowest among systemic arteries and veins?

Answer 12

Vena Cava

Question 13

where is BP the highest among systemic arteries and veins?

Answer 13

Aorta

Question 14

which is capable of vasodilation and vasoconstriction? arteries, veins, or both arteries and veins?

Answer 14

both

Question 15

what is the definition of the term arteriole

Answer 15

a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries.

Question 16

–what is the major structural difference between large arteries and arterioles

Answer 16

large to medium size arteries are mostly elastic and arterioles are muscular

Question 17

what are the two basic functions of arterioles?

Answer 17

Arterioles are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, and constrict and dialate to regulate blood flow. The functions of arterioles include: Transport blood from arteries to capillaries. Arterioles are the main regulators of blood flow and pressure.

Question 18

Outline the pathway of circulation through the systemic blood vessels:
–start this at the left ventricle and end at the right atrium

Answer 18

left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries (large and medium sized) -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> Cr and Cd vena cavae -> right atrium

Question 19

what is the purpose of the valves located on the inside of veins?

Answer 19

The valves function to keep blood moving in one direction. … When the muscle is at rest, the valves close helping to prevent the backward flow of blood.

Question 20

are veins capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

what is normal blood pressure for the Cr and Cd vena cavae?

Answer 21

close to 0

Question 22

CVP – what does this stand for?

Answer 22

central venuous pressure

Question 23

are the vena cavae central veins or peripheral veins? what about the cephalic vein?

Answer 23

central

peripheral

Question 24

List the factors that assist in the return of systemic venous blood to the heart

Answer 24

valves

contraction of skeletal muscle

peristalsis

contraction of the diaphragm? when the diaphragm contracts (during inspiration) pressure in the abdominal cavity goes up and pressure in the thorax goes down.
arterial pulsation
–
gravity

Question 25

the are two aspects to evaluation of the arterial pulse

Answer 25

the are two aspects to evaluation of the arterial pulse:
1. Pulse rate per minute – this will always normally be equal to the heart rate
2. Strength of the pulse
Example: when an animal is in shock its pulse will usually be rapid and weak

Question 26

how is both pulse rate and heart rate per minute usually calculated

Answer 26

Count the number of times you hear the heart beat when listening with a stethoscope or the number of times you feel the pulse beat when palpating an artery for 15 seconds then multiply this number by 4.

Question 27

Arteries used for palpation of the pulse in the:
Cat and dog?
Horse?
Cow?

Answer 27

Dog: femoral artery

Horse: The external maxillary artery

Cow: facial artery

Question 28

what is the function of capillaries

Answer 28

They bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products.

Question 29

what is the function of the endothelial pores in the capillary wall

Answer 29

Their walls are very thin to allow substances to easily and quickly diffuse, or pass through them. Capillaries are much thinner than arteries and veins, because their walls are made up of only a single layer of endothelial cells, the flat cells that line all blood vessels.

Question 30

describe the makeup of the capillary wall

Answer 30

Capillary walls are thin and are composed of endothelium (a type of simple squamous epithelial tissue). Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged through the thin walls of the capillaries.

Question 31

What is the formula for calculation of cardiac output? Stroke volume is part of this formula. What is stroke volume?

Answer 31

CO = SV x HR