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Repro > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are our 3 general drug/hormone options for inducing parturition in most spp.?

A

Oxytocin
PGF2a
Corticosteroids

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2
Q

Which drug used for delaying of parturition is banned for use in food animals?

A

clenbuterol

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3
Q

How far along should the mare be before you consider induction?

A

At least 335days from breeding date

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4
Q

Concerning Mare pregnancy induction:

1) Drug of choice?
2) Timeline of its effects?
3) Drug(s) to avoid?

A

Oxytocin

delivery within 15-90min (RAPID)

AVOID PGF2a (compromises foal survival)

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5
Q

Most common indication for delaying parturition in mares?

A

Managing cases of placentitis

*Remember this is usually due to ascending infections!

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6
Q

How far along should a cow be before considering induction?

A

at least 262day (no more than 2 weeks before due date)

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7
Q

Which type of drug is most commonly used to induce cattle?

Which specific drug is used most commonly and how soon do we expect them to calf after administration?

A

Steroids

Dexamethasone; ~48hr

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8
Q

Describe the benefit of using depot corticosteroids when inducing parturition in cattle.

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage

A

depot formulations more closely mimic the SLOW RISE in fetal cortisol

Good bc there’s a lower incidence of RFM

doesn’t give a predictable time for parturition following injection (4-26days)

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9
Q

Which combination protocol for induction of cattle offers the lowest incidence of RFM?

A

Depot corticosteroid followed by Dex+ PFG2a 6 days later

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10
Q

The most common complication of induction in cattle?

A

retained fetal membranes

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11
Q

Most commonly used tocolytic agent in cattle?

Which one would be illegal?

A

Epinephrine (blocks uterine contraction)

clenbuterol

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12
Q

In which spp. do we induce for efficiency/production purposes more so than for health of the dam?

A

Swine

trying to maximize labor/resources, reduce age differences btwn litters, etc.

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13
Q

Concerning induction in swine:

1) minimum gestation length before inducing
2) which induction protocol offers shortest farrowing window?

A

1) 111days (avg. 114)

2) PGF2a + oxytocin (give PGF2a first, and oxytocin 24hr later)–>birth within 6hr following oxytocin

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14
Q

Primary reason we would induce a doe or ewe?

A

Pregnancy toxemia (or unlikely to survive whatever concurrent illness they have)

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15
Q

Concerning induction in doe and ewe:

1) how far along must they be
2) how do the drug choices differ btwn the two spp. and why?

A

1) 140days (both)
2) Doe is CL dependent for entire pregnancy. so you can use PGF2a at any time

With sheep, protocols must include dexamethasone

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16
Q

Which drug is commonly used to induce in camelids? How soon does it work?

A

PGF2a (CL dependent entire pregnancy**)

parturition in ~20hr (8-30hr)

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17
Q

When delaying parturition in camelids, when should tx be d/c and why?

A

stop at day 300 of pregnancy

to avoid complications (failure of cervical dilation, poor lactation)

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18
Q

What two things are required for induction of parturition naturally?

A

Maturation of fetal HPA axis

Functioning placenta

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19
Q

3 important effects of estrogen during parturition

A

1) induces upregulation of oxytocin receptors in uterus
2) increases PGF2a production
3) increases tubular secretions–>lubrication

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20
Q

Which breed of cattle have the longest gestational length?

A

Bos indicus (~292d)

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21
Q

Which hereditary cause of prolonged gestation is associated with:

1) OVERSIZED calves with long hair and hooves & erupted incisors
2) SMALL calves with craniofacial deformities
3) large calves with long hair and parietal/frontal bone defects

A

1) fetal adrenal hypoplasia (Holstein, Ayrshires)
2) fetal pituitary aplasia (Guernsey & Scandinavian Red)
3) cerebral herniation with catlin mark (Holstein)

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22
Q

Two plants associated with prolonged gestation?

A

Veratrum californicum

Endophyte-infected fescue

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23
Q

How does endophyte-infected fescue prolong gestation?

A

ergot alkaloids it produces are dopamine agonists–>dopamine suppresses prolactin

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24
Q

The most common hydropic condition?

A

Hydros allantois

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25
Q

Hydrops allantois indicates a problem with the ___________ while hydros amnion develops when there is a problem with the ________

A

Allantois= PLACENTAL problem

Amnion= FETAL problem

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26
Q

Our two goals with seasonal breeding

A

1) want 90% of exposed females to become pregnant

2) want 2/3 of calves born in first 21d of calving season

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27
Q

How soon does the cow need to become pregnant again to maintain:

1) 12 month calving interval
2) 13month calving interval

A

1) 80 days

2) 110 days

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28
Q

What 3 reproductive metrics do we use to determine why cows might be underproducing calves?

A

1) average days to 1st service
2) calving to conception interval
3) cows beyond 100d with no breeding

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29
Q

What two factors can influence calving to conception interval?

A

Average days to 1st service

per-service conception rates

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30
Q

MRP in cattle requires secretion of what by the fetus?

A

interferon tau

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31
Q

After what time frame is the placenta considered retained in cows?

A

> 12hr

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32
Q

Cow placenta:

1) gross classification
2) histologic classification

A

1) Cotyledonary

2) Synepitheliolchorial (epitheliochorial)

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33
Q

In cows, if placenta isn’t expelled it undergoes …?

A

liquefactive putrefaction (rots out)

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34
Q

What drug would be indicated for mare’s grazing infected fescue? MOA?

A

Domperidone (dopamine antagonist)

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35
Q

4-6 weeks prior to foaling, what 3 things should you ALWAYS do?

A

palpate to confirm pregnancy
vaccinate (eastern, western, testus…spring vaccines)
Open caslicks

36
Q

Presence of “waxing” on a mare’s udder typically means she will foal in about _______

A

24-48hr

37
Q

Stage 2 of labor in horses should last no longer than?

A

20-30min

38
Q

Describe the 1,2,3 rule of equine foaling

A

foal standing in 1 hr
nursing by 2 hr
placenta out by 3hr

39
Q

Most common consequence of dystocia in mares?

A

Retained placenta

metritis–>laminitis–>death

40
Q

Other than the life of the foal or mare being in danger, what would be another indication for induction of parturition?

A

> 200ppm Ca in udder secretions for 2 consecutive days

41
Q

Which portion/location of the placenta is most likely to be retained

A

Tip of NON-GRAVID uterine horn

42
Q

What 3 treatments are used for RFM in mare every time

A

1) oxytocin
2) some type of fluid distension or lavage
3) tetanus prophylaxis

43
Q

Concerning the mare

1) describe uterus & cervix under estrogen influence
2) how fast to follicles grow

A

1) cervix and uterus relaxed; edema present

2) 3-5mm/day

44
Q

4 reasons we would manipulate the equine estrus cycle

A

1) induce ovulation at precise time
2) short-cycling
3) synchronize groups of mares
4) hasten seasonal transition

45
Q

Concerning ovulation induction in mares:
1) which 2 drugs do we use and their “activity” (i.e what hormone do they each act like

2) which drug produces ovulation sooner (times)
3) which drug choice would be best for a follicle >35mm

A

1) hCG (chorulon)–LH activity
Deslorelin (SucroMate)–GnRH activity

2) hCG produces ovulation sooner (36hr compared to 45 with other)
3) hCG

46
Q

Best drug protocol for embryo transfer in mares? Why?

A

Progesterone + Estradiol (P&E)

estradiol provides greater suppression of follicular development so they will all be close to the same size–ovulation occurs at a more uniform rate

47
Q

Why will some mares in anestrus tease?

A

bc progesterone is low

48
Q

Describe the role of the photoperiod and melatonin on mare cycling

A

Melatonin is inhibitory on mare’s HPG axis

So when photoperiod increases, there is less melatonin, meaning mare can begin to cycle

49
Q

Which ovarian structure is not palpable on the mare

A

CL

50
Q

Concerning endometrial cups:

1) what do they produce
2) why are they important
3) how long are they present

A

1) eCG
2) stimulates development of secondary CL (primary can’t sustain pregnancy on its own)
3) 37-120 days

51
Q

Mare’s 3 barriers to outside

A

vulva
vestibulovaginal sphincter
Cervix

52
Q

Clinical sign most commonly seen in mares with endometritis

A

failure to conceive

53
Q

How can we definitely diagnose endometritis in the mare

A

Biopsy

54
Q

4 most common bacterial isolates of endometritis in mares

Which are more commonly associated with biofilm formation?

A

Strep. zooepidemicus
E. coli**
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa**

**= biofilm

55
Q

Which drugs have ecbolic effects in the mare and how can we use them to prevent endometritis?

A

Oxytocin & Prostaglandins (lutalyse/dinoprost & estrumate/cloprostenol)

use alone or with lavage following insemination for susceptible mares–don’t use after ovulation

56
Q

What are the 3 equine venereal diseases?

A

CEM
Coital exanthema (EHV-3)
Dourine

57
Q

Which equine venereal disease is associated with copious purulent discharge 2-10d after mating and requires notification of the state vet?

A

CEM (contagious equine metritis)

58
Q

Which equine venereal disease is associated with painful vesicles in the genital area and intranuclear inclusion bodies on histopath?

A

Coital exanthema (EHV-3)

59
Q

When (what criteria) would you be worried about endometrial cysts interfering with fertility?

A

if there are 5+ cysts >1-2mm

60
Q

Most common cause of non-infectious abortion in mares?

A

Twins

61
Q

When performing manual crushing to reduce a twin, what two tx should you give prior to the procedure?

A

Flunixin meglumine & Regumate

**Prevent PGF release and cover progesterone in case CL gets damage–>protects the other fetus from being lost

62
Q

What clinical sign would make you worry that a mare has aborted

A

Premature lactation

63
Q

A mare presents with mild colic in late gestation, when you perform a rectal, you feel the left broad ligament running horizontally and the right ligament feels more vertical…your dx?

A

Uterine torsion–clockwise

64
Q

Respiratory signs, fever, and ventral edema are clinical signs assoc. with with infectious cause of abortion in mares?

A

Equine viral arteritis

65
Q

Which infectious cause of abortion in mares is zoonotic?

A

Leptospirosis

66
Q

T/F: the organisms most commonly isolated from endometritis are also the most common causes of placentitis in the mare

A

TRUE!!!

Strep zooepi most common
Kelbsiella
E. col
Pseudomonas

67
Q

What 3 types of drugs are used in managing a mare with placentitis?

A

Anti-inflammatories
Antibiotics
Progesterone

68
Q

How does nocardioform abortion differ from placentitis causes? (lesion location)

A

Nocardioform–lesion is at bifurcation of uterus

*other placentitis is at cervical star

69
Q

For canine breeding management, what are the magic progesterone numbers and what do they mean?

A

2-3ng/ml–>LH surge (she will ovulate 48hr from this time)

4-10ng/ml–>Ovulation (she will be most fertile days 2, 3, and 4 after this)

> 10ng/ml–>ovulation complete

70
Q

How soon AFTER OVULATION will a bitch whelp?

A

63 days

71
Q

If performing vaginal AI on a canine, which semen type must be avoided

A

Frozen

*use fresh or cooled only

72
Q

When trying to diagnose pregnancy in dogs, which hormone is not helpful and why?

A

Progesterone—will be high no matter what

73
Q

Why is ace contraindicated for dogs with pseudopregnancy

A

promotes prolactin–worsens lactation signs

74
Q

Two most common causes of infertility in the bitch

A

timing and semen quality

75
Q

If a bitch is aborting, what are your top two infectious differentials?

A

Brucellosis

Herpesvirus

76
Q

What 3 clinical findings/diseases would prompt you to test for brucellosis

A

Abortion
Orchitis
Discospondylitis

77
Q

During what two time frames is herpesvirus a problem for dogs?

A

during last 3 weeks of gestation

during first 3 weeks of neonatal life

78
Q

In dogs, when progesterone (or temperature) drops, you can expect her to whelp within…..

A

24-48hr

79
Q

Normal uterine involution in the dog takes how long?

A

~3 months

80
Q

An owner calls and tells you her pregnant dog has a weird green discharge coming from her vagina, when you ask if it smells, she said “not really”; You tell her it sounds like normal discharge that occurs prior to the puppies being born. You advise her to call you back if she doesn’t see a puppy born within….

A

1hr

*lochia–indicates placental separation

81
Q

2 treatment options for a dog with non-obstructive dystocia

A

oxytocin (2 doses max)

IV calcium

82
Q

Which cause of dystocia in the canine is not responsive to oxytocin

A

Uterine inertia (both primary and secondary)

83
Q

Most reliable indicators of queening?

A

breeding dates and behavior

84
Q

Two common causes of obstructive dystocia in queens?

A

Uterine torsion

Fetal oversize

85
Q

Concerning canine pyometra:

1) Most common isolate
2) most common clinical presentation/signs

A

1) E. coli

2) ADR; PU/PD

Repro (8 decks)

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