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PID > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. MHC- I on APC
b. MHC- II on all nucleated cells
c. APC have both MHC - I and II
d. All the above are correct

A

c. APC have both MHC - I and II

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2
Q

True/False. MHC I restricted consist of CD4+ cells and MHC II restricted consists of CD8 + cells.

A

False. MHC I = CD8+ and MHC II = CD4+

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3
Q

Where are endogenous antigens processed?

A

Cytosolic pathway bound to MHC I and present on cell surfaces

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4
Q

____ antigens are processed in endosomes bound to MHC II and present on the cell surface.

A

Exogenous antigens

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5
Q

What are the components of T cells?

A

CD8+ : cytotoxic

CD4+ : Th1 - cell-mediated immunity and Th2 - humoral immunity

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6
Q

Which cells are considered ADCC?

A
  • NK cells
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
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7
Q

Which diseases are considered parasitic?

a. Taenia Solium
b. Brucellosis
c. Giardia
d. A and B
e. B and C

A

d. A and B

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8
Q

____ is a virus that enters tissue from saliva when bit by an infected raccoon.

A

Rabies

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9
Q

Which virus can be transmitted through the saliva, urine, or feces of a rodent?

A

Hantavirus

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10
Q

What are control and preventative methods of Giardia?

A
  • Water treatment
  • Sewage treatment
  • Proper washing of fruits and veggies and hands after using the restroom
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11
Q

What parasite is a tapeworm that affects pigs and can form neurocysticercosis in the human brain if the larvae of a cyst is consumed?

A

Taenia solium

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12
Q

___ is an inhaled spore forming bacteria that can be prevented by burning infected carcasses or burring them in quick lime.

A

Anthrax

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13
Q

____ is a bacteria that is transmitted through ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous (through skin) inoculation.

A

Brucellosis

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14
Q

What are the two most pathogenic forms of Brucellosis for people?

A

Brucella melitensis

Brucella abortus

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15
Q

Which vector borne disease is transmitted through ticks?

A

Borreliosis

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16
Q

___ is a vector borne disease transmitted by a mosquito –> bird –> mosquito cycle.

A

West Nile Virus

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17
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

Infectious diseases that people get from animals either directly or indirectly

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18
Q

About ____ percent of all pathogens in human beings are zoonotic and about __ percent are emerging diseases.

A

60%, 75% emerging

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19
Q

Which of the following is a disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct airborne or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant or contaminated reservoir?

a. Communicable
b. Contagious
c. Transmissible
d. Infestation

A

a. Communicable

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20
Q

Disease transmission is a result of the interaction between the ___, ___, and ___.

A

Host, agent, and environment

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21
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

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22
Q

Perinatal and transplacental/Transovarial are ____ modes of transmission that are transferred from a reservoir host to its offspring.

A

Vertical

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23
Q

What are horizontal modes of transmission?

A

Direct: directly from reservoir to host
Indirect: via an intermediary, animate or inanimate

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24
Q

What are different modes of direct transmission?

A

Direct contact
Direct projection (droplet spread)
Airborne

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25
Q

___ is an inanimate object which serves as an indirect mode of transmission.

A

Vehicle

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26
Q

A ____ is an indirect mode of transmission where a living organism serves to communicate disease.

A

Vector

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27
Q

What are types of vehicles?

A
  • Fomites: object that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale
  • Common vehicle: food, water, contaminated IV drugs
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28
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

Agent that does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod

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29
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

Agent that undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector, which is required for transmission

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30
Q

____ is a previously unknown disease that suddenly appears in a population but can also be a known disease that suddenly appears in a new population.

A

Emerging

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31
Q

What is re-emerging disease?

A

Known disease previously on the decline that is becoming more common and will continue to do so.

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32
Q

The probability of transmission from a reservoir to a new host increases with:

A
  • Increase abundance of reservoir
  • Increase pathogen prevalence in the reservoir
  • Increasing contact between reservoir and new host
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33
Q

Which of the following characteristics do antibodies not have?

a. Consisting of two heavy and two light chains
b. Binding specifically to antigens
c. Recognizing native antigens
d. All classes including IgA activate compliments by classical pathway

A

d. All classes including IgA activate compliments by classical pathway

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34
Q

True/False. All complement activation pathways have the same C3 convertase.

A

False.

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35
Q

What is the key product of the classical and alternative pathway?

A

C3b

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36
Q

Which of the following pertains to C3 convertase of the classical pathway?

a. C4bC2b
b. C3bBb
c. C4bC3b
d. C3bC2b

A

a. C4bC2b

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37
Q

What is the initial complement component of the classical pathway?

A

C1 QRS, C4 and C2

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38
Q

What activates the classical pathway?

A
  • Binding of Antibody to antigen

- C1 reactive protein binding

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39
Q

____ is the C5 convertase of the classical pathway.

A

C4bC2bC3b

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40
Q

Which of the following is false regarding the lectin pathway?

a. Activated by MBL and MASP-2
b. C4 and C2 are the initial complement components
c. C3 convertase is C4bC2b
d. C5 convertase is C4bC3bC3B

A

d. C5 convertase is C4bC3bC3B

C5 convertase = C4bC2bC3b

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41
Q

Which of the following is false regarding the alternative pathway?

a. Activated when there is contact of the microbial cell wall with C3
b. Initial component is C3, Factor C, Factor F, and Properdin
c. C3 convertase - C3bBb
d. C5 convertase- C3bBbC3b

A

b. Initial component is C3, Factor C, Factor F, and Properdin

Initial components are C3, Factor B, Factor D, and properdin

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42
Q

True/False. Adaptive immune response are induced by exposure to antigen(s), responding specifically to the induced antigen generating immunological memory.

A

True

43
Q

____ immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by antigen- activated B cell and their progeny plasma cells

A

Humoral immunity

44
Q

Which response has a shorter lag phase, grater magnitude, and uses IgG?

A

Secondary response

45
Q

What is a paratope?

A

Part of the antibody that recognizes an antigen, specifically the antigen-binding site of the antibody

46
Q

What do B-cell receptors and antibodies recognize?

A

native protein antigens

47
Q

What is the role of antigens?

A
  1. Induce specific, adaptive immune responses

2. React specifically with the products of the response

48
Q

Where are paratopes found?

A

Antibodies
B cell receptors
T cell receptors

49
Q

What are the two components of the complement pathway?

A

Classical

Alternative

50
Q

What are the end effects of the compliment pathways?

A
  1. Cell lysis
  2. Inglammation
  3. Opsonization
  4. Clearance of immune complexes
51
Q

_____ immunity is mediated by antigen-activated T cells and the cytokines they secrete.

A

Cell mediated immunity

52
Q

True/False. MHC class I is found only on APC’s and MHC class II is found on all nucleated cells, including APC’s.

A

False.

MHC I = all nucleated cells, including APC’s
MHC II = only APC’s

53
Q

Which of the following are considered APC’s?

a. B cells
b. Macrophages
c. Dendritic cells
d. All the above

A

d. All the above

54
Q

In an exogenous antigen, CD4 with TH1 activates macrophages for _____ and CD8 with TH2 activates B cells for _____.

A

CD4 with TH1 = macrophage for DTH response

CD8 with TH2 = B cells for antibody response

55
Q

CD8 T cells are ____ restricted and CD4 T cells are ____ restricted.

A

MHC I, MHC II

56
Q

CD8 CTL is an _____ antigen.

A

Endogenous

57
Q

High Th2 response and a low Th1 response is a _____ phenotype.

A

Susceptible

58
Q

Increased Th1 response and decreased Th2 response is a _____ phenotype.

A

Resistant

59
Q

_____ is the study of viruses and viral diseases and ___ is someone who studies viruses.

A

Virology, Virologist

60
Q

Are viruses living?

A

NO

61
Q

What surrounds the nucleic acid genome of a virus?

A

Protein coat (capsid) and sometimes a lipid evenlope

62
Q

True/False. Viruses posses standard cellular organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi, and ER with associated ribosomes.

A

False. They do not possess these things!

63
Q

The following pertain to viruses except:

a. Viruses can make energy and protein by themselves
b. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
c. Viruses do not have the genetic capability to multiply by division, reproduction resembles an assembly line
d. Their capsid is made up of capsomeres held together by non-covalent bonds

A

a. Viruses can make energy and protein by themselves

- They rely on a host to survive

64
Q

A capsid + Virus Nucleic acid or Genome is called ____.

A

Nucleocapsid

65
Q

What is present on the surface of the envelope that resemble spikes?

A

Glycoproteins

66
Q

What is a non-eveloped virus that has only protein capsid enclosing nucleic acids?

A

Naked viruses

67
Q

What is the term known as the ability of some viruses to alter their shape and size?

A

Pleomorphism

68
Q

Virus Replication

A

Attachment –> Penetration –> Uncoating –> Synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein –> Assembly and maturation –> Release in large numbers

69
Q

What impacts does the virus replication have in the host cell?

A
  • Cell Death
  • Transformation of cell to Malignant one
  • Fusion of cells, Multinucleated
  • No apparent changes to infected cell
70
Q

The _____ is the only body charged by the international union of microbiological societies with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy.

A

ICTV

71
Q

What are the different techniques used to detect a viral antigen or host antibody against viruses (serology)?

A

ELISA
Fluorescent antibody staining
Immunohistochemical staining

72
Q

Which of the following are used for the detection of viral nucleic acids?

a. RT-PCR/ PCR
b. Quantitative PCR
c. Virus Genome Sequencing
d. All the above

A

d. All the above

73
Q

True/False. Dendritic cells are the best APC’s to activate naive T cells.

A

True.

74
Q

What forms holes in the membrane so cells can be lysed?

A

MAC

75
Q

____ refers to the ability of a Virus to cause Disease in a host and the virus that causes disease is called a ____

A

Pathogenicity, Pathogen

76
Q

Which term refers to the quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of the infecting virus?

A

Virulence

77
Q

What are the factors related to the virus?

A
  • Genetic variation of virus
  • Route of entry of virus in host
  • Affinity of virus to host organs
  • Dose of Infection
  • Immuno evasion
78
Q

What factors are related to the host?

A
  • Host species
  • Host immunity
  • Host physiological factors
  • Fever
79
Q

Ture/False. A lower LD50 means the more virulent the virus.

A

True

80
Q

What are routes of entry of a virus into the skin?

A
  • Cut or breach
  • Bite of Arthropods
  • Bite of an infected animal
  • Contaminated objects
81
Q

Routes of entry of viruses into host mucous membrane

A

Cunjunctiva
Oropharynx
Genitourinary Tract and Rectum

82
Q

What are the two ways primary viremia can occur?

A
  1. Spread of virus infection to blood from subepithelial tissue/lymphatics
  2. Directly injected in blood through bite of mosquitoes or syringes
83
Q

What is secondary viremia?

A

When the virus has replicated/multiplied in major organs and once more entered the bloodstream

84
Q

Spread of viruses via nerves

A
  • Through peripheral nerves
  • Through receptor neurons in the nasal olfactory epithelium
  • Crossing blood brain barrier and infecting CNS
85
Q

Viruses that infect neural cells are ___ and those that enter the CNS after infecting peripheral sites are ___.

A

Neurotropic, Neuroinvasive

86
Q

What are neurovirulent viruses?

A

Viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue, manifested by neurological symptoms and often death

87
Q

What is the name for the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue?

A

Tropism

88
Q

Virus-Cell interactions

A
  • Inhibition of host cell nucleic acid synthesis
  • Inhibition of host cell RNA synthesis
  • Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis
  • Cytopathic effects of “toxic” viral proteins
  • Interference with cellular membrane function
89
Q

True/False. Acute infection can shed at low titers for months to years and persistent infections can intensely shed for a short period of time.

A

False. Acute = intense shed for short time period

Persistent = lower titers of shed for months to years

90
Q

What is a wart?

A

Benign skin growth that appears when a virus infects the top layer of the skin

91
Q

___ is a fluid filled sac, ___ is an opening in the skin caused by sloughing of necrotic tissue, and ____ is a solid tumorous mass.

A

Vesicle, Ulcer, Nodule

92
Q

Aimed at maintaining a healthy population by adopting measures to avoid occurrence of disease by eliminating the pathogen or increasing resistance to disease

A

Primary prevention of infectious diseases

93
Q

___ is the process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/ pathogen and ___ is the application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganism.

A

Sterilization, Antisepsis

94
Q

What are the sterilization methods?

A
  • Moist heat
  • Dry heat
  • Chemical methods
  • Radiation
  • Sterile filtration
95
Q

Chain of infection

A

Pathogen –> Host reservoir –> route of exit –> mode of transmission –> route of entry –> new susceptible host

96
Q

____ is when all potentially infected animals or people are treated without first testing them

A

Mass therapy

97
Q

____ applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease and ____ applies to those who are known to be ill with a contagious disease

A

Quarantine, Isolation

98
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

Form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant/large portion of a population provides a measure of protection for a small number of the individuals who have no developed immunity.

99
Q

What does WAHID and OIE stand for?

A

WAHID- World Animal health information database

OIE- World Organization for animal health

100
Q

The infected zone immediately surrounds the ____and the buffered zone surrounds the ____.

A

Infected premises, infected zone

101
Q

Consists of an infected zone and a buffer zone

A

Control Area

102
Q

Zone outside and along the border of a control area.

A

Surveillance zone

103
Q

What are the collaboration of GLEWS?

A

FAO: food and agriculture organization of the united nations
OIE: World organization for animal health
WHO: World health organization

PID (8 decks)

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