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A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The flow of blood from the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart.

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2
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

The flow of blood from the heart, to the tissues, and then back to the heart.

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3
Q

Endocrinology is the study of what?

A

The glands and hormones of the body and their related disorders.

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4
Q

Endo- means?

A

Within

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5
Q

Crin- means?

A

Secretion

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6
Q

-ology means?

A

Study of

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7
Q

Secretion whose effects are very localized?

A

Paracrine agents

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8
Q

Chemical messengers; small concentration; physiologic responses

A

Hormones

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9
Q

Chemical classes of Hormones (Classic)?

A
  • Peptides: (2 or more amino acids chained together….peptide bond.
  • Steroids: begins as cholesterol
  • Amines: biochemical modifications of a single amino acid, tyrosine.
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10
Q

Signaling molecules that are derivatives of long-chain fatty acids, usually arachadonic acid, made by every cell of the body

A

Eicosanoids

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11
Q

Four families of eicosanoids?

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Prostacyclin
  • Leukotrienes
  • Thromboxane
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12
Q

Blood vessel diameter, inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction during parturition and ovulation

A

Prostaglandins

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13
Q

Inhibits platelet activation

A

Prostacyclin

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14
Q

Allergic rx, increases vascular permeability and induces airway constriction

A

Leukotrienes

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15
Q

Increases blood clotting and platelet stickiness

A

Thromboxane

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16
Q

A form of signaling in which a cell secretes a chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that signals the same cell.

A

Autocrine signaling

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17
Q

An example of an autocrine agent?

A

The cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes. When this is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it.

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18
Q

A form of cell signaling in which the target cell is close to the signal releasing cell?

A

Paracrine signaling

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19
Q

Examples of paracrine signaling agents?

A

Include growth factor and clotting factors.

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20
Q

Growth factor signaling plays an important role in may aspects of _____.

A

Development

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21
Q

In mature organisms paracrine signaling functions include?

A

Responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, and clotting.

22
Q

Overproduction of some paracrine growth factors has been linked to the development of _____.

A

Cancer

23
Q

Para- means?

A

Near

24
Q

Tissue whose cells will be affected by a given hormone

A

Target organ

25
Q

aka releasing factors or inhibiting factors?

A

Neurotransmitters

26
Q

Neurotransmitters are all small peptides except what?

A

Dopamine

27
Q

Neurotransmitters are transported how and where are they stored?

A

Via neuronal cell bodies and stored in neurohypophysis

28
Q

Neurotransmitters transported via hypophyseal portal system to do what?

A

Stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones (inhibiting or releasing factors)

29
Q

From paraventricular nucleus; causes milk let-down; uterine contractions

A

Oxytocin

30
Q

From supraoptic nucleus; regulates blood pressure through water retention and vasoconstriction

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

31
Q

In primary hypothyroidism the thyroid can’t what?

A

Produce the amount of hormones the pituitary calls for

32
Q

In secondary hypothyroidism the thyroid isn’t what?

A

Being stimulated by the pituitary to produce hormones

33
Q

Occurs when the thyroid gland is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body through sufficient hormone production?

A

A simple Goiter

34
Q

The ____ gland in a simple goiter compensates by enlarging, which usually overcomes mild deficiencies of thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid

35
Q

Endemic means?

A

Present continuously in a community.

36
Q

A simple goiter may be classified as an ____ or sporadic goiter.

A

Endemic

37
Q

Endemic is also known as _____?

A

Colloid

38
Q

Endemic goiters are usually caused by inadequate dietary intake of what?

A

Iodine

39
Q

The use of what prevents the deficiency in endemic goiters

A

Iodized table salt

40
Q

The incidence of iodine deficiency is now rare in the U.S. because?

A

Because of widespread distribution of foods from iodine sufficient areas and salt to which potassium iodide has been added.

41
Q

Goitrogenic foods contain substances that decrease?

A

Thyroid hormone production

42
Q

Excessive iodine intake is also a cause of what?

A

Goiter

43
Q

Risk factors of goiters:

A
  • Female, over 40 years old
  • Inadequate dietary intake of iodine
  • Residence in an endemic area
  • Ingestion of large amounts of goitrogenic foods or drugs
  • Family history of goiters
44
Q

The symptoms of ‘big head’ disease are?

A
  • Affected gait
  • Poor performance
  • Swelling of bones of the head
45
Q

Osteodystrophia fibrosa is also referred to as?

A

‘Big Head’

46
Q

A calcium imbalance caused when horses graze exclusively on grasses containing high levels of oxalate that locks up calcium making it unabsorbable by the horse’s intestine

A

Big Head aka Osteodystrophia fibrosa

47
Q

How can you help correct a calcium imbalance in horses

A

Mixing legumes with any high-oxalate grass in a grass/legume pasture

48
Q

The exocrine portion of the pancreas the enzymes are secreted where?

A

The small intestine

49
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancreas and what two types of cells?

A
  • Alpha

- Beta

50
Q

Alpha cells is a glucagon that (raises, lowers) blood glucose

A

Raises blood glucose

51
Q

Beta cells is an insulin that (raises, lowers) blood glucose

A

Lowers blood glucose

A&P (12 decks)

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