Exam 2

Question 1

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 1

The flow of blood from the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart.

Question 2

What is the systemic circulation?

Answer 2

The flow of blood from the heart, to the tissues, and then back to the heart.

Question 3

Endocrinology is the study of what?

Answer 3

The glands and hormones of the body and their related disorders.

Question 4

Endo- means?

Answer 4

Within

Question 5

Crin- means?

Answer 5

Secretion

Question 6

-ology means?

Answer 6

Study of

Question 7

Secretion whose effects are very localized?

Answer 7

Paracrine agents

Question 8

Chemical messengers; small concentration; physiologic responses

Answer 8

Hormones

Question 9

Chemical classes of Hormones (Classic)?

Answer 9

• Peptides: (2 or more amino acids chained together….peptide bond.
• Steroids: begins as cholesterol
• Amines: biochemical modifications of a single amino acid, tyrosine.

Question 10

Signaling molecules that are derivatives of long-chain fatty acids, usually arachadonic acid, made by every cell of the body

Answer 10

Eicosanoids

Question 11

Four families of eicosanoids?

Answer 11

• Prostaglandins
• Prostacyclin
• Leukotrienes
• Thromboxane

Question 12

Blood vessel diameter, inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction during parturition and ovulation

Answer 12

Prostaglandins

Question 13

Inhibits platelet activation

Answer 13

Prostacyclin

Question 14

Allergic rx, increases vascular permeability and induces airway constriction

Answer 14

Leukotrienes

Question 15

Increases blood clotting and platelet stickiness

Answer 15

Thromboxane

Question 16

A form of signaling in which a cell secretes a chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that signals the same cell.

Answer 16

Autocrine signaling

Question 17

An example of an autocrine agent?

Answer 17

The cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes. When this is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it.

Question 18

A form of cell signaling in which the target cell is close to the signal releasing cell?

Answer 18

Paracrine signaling

Question 19

Examples of paracrine signaling agents?

Answer 19

Include growth factor and clotting factors.

Question 20

Growth factor signaling plays an important role in may aspects of _____.

Answer 20

Development

Question 21

In mature organisms paracrine signaling functions include?

Answer 21

Responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, and clotting.

Question 22

Overproduction of some paracrine growth factors has been linked to the development of _____.

Answer 22

Cancer

Question 23

Para- means?

Answer 23

Near

Question 24

Tissue whose cells will be affected by a given hormone

Answer 24

Target organ

Question 25

aka releasing factors or inhibiting factors?

Answer 25

Neurotransmitters

Question 26

Neurotransmitters are all small peptides except what?

Answer 26

Dopamine

Question 27

Neurotransmitters are transported how and where are they stored?

Answer 27

Via neuronal cell bodies and stored in neurohypophysis

Question 28

Neurotransmitters transported via hypophyseal portal system to do what?

Answer 28

Stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones (inhibiting or releasing factors)

Question 29

From paraventricular nucleus; causes milk let-down; uterine contractions

Answer 29

Oxytocin

Question 30

From supraoptic nucleus; regulates blood pressure through water retention and vasoconstriction

Answer 30

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 31

In primary hypothyroidism the thyroid can't what?

Answer 31

Produce the amount of hormones the pituitary calls for

Question 32

In secondary hypothyroidism the thyroid isn't what?

Answer 32

Being stimulated by the pituitary to produce hormones

Question 33

Occurs when the thyroid gland is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body through sufficient hormone production?

Answer 33

A simple Goiter

Question 34

The ____ gland in a simple goiter compensates by enlarging, which usually overcomes mild deficiencies of thyroid hormone

Answer 34

Thyroid

Question 35

Endemic means?

Answer 35

Present continuously in a community.

Question 36

A simple goiter may be classified as an ____ or sporadic goiter.

Answer 36

Endemic

Question 37

Endemic is also known as _____?

Answer 37

Colloid

Question 38

Endemic goiters are usually caused by inadequate dietary intake of what?

Answer 38

Iodine

Question 39

The use of what prevents the deficiency in endemic goiters

Answer 39

Iodized table salt

Question 40

The incidence of iodine deficiency is now rare in the U.S. because?

Answer 40

Because of widespread distribution of foods from iodine sufficient areas and salt to which potassium iodide has been added.

Question 41

Goitrogenic foods contain substances that decrease?

Answer 41

Thyroid hormone production

Question 42

Excessive iodine intake is also a cause of what?

Answer 42

Goiter

Question 43

Risk factors of goiters:

Answer 43

- Female, over 40 years old - Inadequate dietary intake of iodine - Residence in an endemic area - Ingestion of large amounts of goitrogenic foods or drugs - Family history of goiters

Question 44

The symptoms of 'big head' disease are?

Answer 44

- Affected gait - Poor performance - Swelling of bones of the head

Question 45

Osteodystrophia fibrosa is also referred to as?

Answer 45

'Big Head'

Question 46

A calcium imbalance caused when horses graze exclusively on grasses containing high levels of oxalate that locks up calcium making it unabsorbable by the horse's intestine

Answer 46

Big Head aka Osteodystrophia fibrosa

Question 47

How can you help correct a calcium imbalance in horses

Answer 47

Mixing legumes with any high-oxalate grass in a grass/legume pasture

Question 48

The exocrine portion of the pancreas the enzymes are secreted where?

Answer 48

The small intestine

Question 49

The endocrine portion of the pancreas and what two types of cells?

Answer 49

- Alpha | - Beta

Question 50

Alpha cells is a glucagon that (raises, lowers) blood glucose

Answer 50

Raises blood glucose

Question 51

Beta cells is an insulin that (raises, lowers) blood glucose

Answer 51

Lowers blood glucose