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Biology 241 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do you find simple squamous epithelia?

A

Capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs, covering visceral organs, lining body cavities

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2
Q

What is the function of the simple squamous epithelia?

A

diffusion and filtration

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3
Q

Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, pancreatic ducts

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4
Q

What is the function of the simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

secretion, excretion, and absorption

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5
Q

Where do you find simple columnar epithelia?

A

lining most of the digestive tract

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6
Q

What is the function of the simple columnar epithelia?

A

protection, secretion and absorption

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7
Q

Where do you find PSEUDOSTRATIFED CILIATED COLUMNAR epithelia

A

This is a respiratory epithelium being found in such places as the nasal septum, trachea, and bronchi

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8
Q

What is the function of the PSEUDOSTRATIFED CILIATED COLUMNAR epithelia?

A

trap and move “pollutants” to the mouth where they are swallowed

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9
Q

Where do you find stratified squamous epithelia?

A

mouth, vagina, esophagus, anal canal

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10
Q

What is the funcion of the stratified squamous epithelia?

A

protection

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11
Q

Where do you find transitional epithelia?

A

ureter, urinary bladder, urinary tract

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12
Q

what is the function of transitional epithelia?

A

distention

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
*Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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14
Q

What is special about epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Specialized contacts- Composed of cells bound closely together by cell junctions
    Polarity
    Always have a free, upper surface and an attached, lower surface.
    Apical surface and basal surface
    As a sheet, epithelium is always attached at lower edge to underlying connective tissue
    Basal lamina/basement membrane
  2. Avascular, but innervated- Do not have blood vessels, but have nerve endings
  3. Regeneration-undergo continual growth, high regenerative capacity
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15
Q

basement membrane

A

Made by and found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Layer on which epithelia sit
Rich in glycoproteinsand collagen

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16
Q

microvilli

A

Microvilli- increase surface area for membrane transport (absorption/secretion) and enzymatic activity needed at a cell’s apical surface

17
Q

cilia

A

Cilia- designed for motility. Epithelia that need to move substances past their surface (like mucous in the air passages) have cilia at apical membrane surface.

18
Q

keratin

A

fibrous structural protein in outermost layer of skin

19
Q

endothelium

A

cells in capillary

20
Q

endocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands- release their secretions into the blood stream

21
Q

exocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands- release their secretions in a duct that opens onto surface of skin, or onto epithelial layer/lining that communicates with outside world

22
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A 
Goblet cells and mucous cells
Secrete mucins (mucus)
Found scattered among other epithelial cells (columnar), typically in intestines and respiratory tracts
23
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

Have two parts, duct and secretory unit (the unfortunately named acinus, ass-in-us)

Modes of secretion
Merocrine- via exocytosis
Holocrine- cell ruptures!

24
Q

merocrine

A

Merocrine- secretion via exocytosis

25
Q

holocrine

A

Holocrine- secretion by cell ruptures

26
Q

tight junctions

A

Tight junctions- create tight seal across layer of cells; lipids of neighboring cells are interlocked via membrane proteins

27
Q

desmosomes

A

Desmosomes:anchoring junctions,fasteners, create strong sheets of cells, involve cadherins and attachment to intermediate filaments

28
Q

gap junctions

A

specialized pores, allow rapid communication between cells via the passage of ions and molecular messengers

29
Q

connective tissues

A

Represent the most abundant type of tissue by weight
Bind structures together
Provide support and protection
Fill spaces in the body

30
Q

4 classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper (which includes 6 types)
Cartilage (3 types)
Bone
Blood

31
Q

composition of connective tissue

A

Cells

Fibers

Ground substance

The term Extracellular matrix = Ground substance + fibers; can vary tremendously in composition

32
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

33
Q

collagen fibers

A

Most numerous fibers in connective tissue, made of collagen
Long, unbranched, rope-like
Strong but bendable
Tensile strength greater than steel!
There are many different types of collagen

34
Q

reticular fibers

A

Thin, short, fine collagen fibers that form a branching network
Found in soft organs such as the liver, spleen. Found around capillaries.
Fibers provide support/meshwork for cells

35
Q

elastic fibers

A

Composed of elastin which is related to collagen, but much ‘stretchier’
Elastin fibers are highly ‘stretchable’; they can stretch to 1.5 times normal length, and can return to normal length when relaxed

Where in the body might we find these fibers? What organs/tissues need to stretch?

36
Q

mesenchyme

A

All cells of connective tissue have a shared origin (precursor/stem cell) called mesenchymal cells, or mesenchyme tissue

37
Q

Fibroblasts

A

most abundant cell type; secrete protein fibers, ground substance and other proteins

38
Q

Proteoglycans

A

consist of a protein core with numerous, attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
GAGs are negatively charged, and thus ‘trap’ water and largely determine the consistency of ECF

39
Q

ground substance

A

Unstructured material that fills the spaces between cells and fibers
Consistency of molasses, very viscous
Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
Cell adhesion proteinss serve as glue for cells to attach to matrix
Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with numerous, attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
GAGs are negatively charged, and thus ‘trap’ water and largely determine the consistency of ECF

Biology 241 (6 decks)

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