Exam 2

Question 1

Where do you find simple squamous epithelia?

Answer 1

Capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs, covering visceral organs, lining body cavities

Question 2

What is the function of the simple squamous epithelia?

Answer 2

diffusion and filtration

Question 3

Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelia?

Answer 3

lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, pancreatic ducts

Question 4

What is the function of the simple cuboidal epithelia?

Answer 4

secretion, excretion, and absorption

Question 5

Where do you find simple columnar epithelia?

Answer 5

lining most of the digestive tract

Question 6

What is the function of the simple columnar epithelia?

Answer 6

protection, secretion and absorption

Question 7

Where do you find PSEUDOSTRATIFED CILIATED COLUMNAR epithelia

Answer 7

This is a respiratory epithelium being found in such places as the nasal septum, trachea, and bronchi

Question 8

What is the function of the PSEUDOSTRATIFED CILIATED COLUMNAR epithelia?

Answer 8

trap and move “pollutants” to the mouth where they are swallowed

Question 9

Where do you find stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 9

mouth, vagina, esophagus, anal canal

Question 10

What is the funcion of the stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 10

protection

Question 11

Where do you find transitional epithelia?

Answer 11

ureter, urinary bladder, urinary tract

Question 12

what is the function of transitional epithelia?

Answer 12

distention

Question 13

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 13

Epithelial
*Connective
Muscle
Nerve

Question 14

What is special about epithelial tissue?

Answer 14

1. Specialized contacts- Composed of cells bound closely together by cell junctions
   Polarity
   Always have a free, upper surface and an attached, lower surface.
   Apical surface and basal surface
   As a sheet, epithelium is always attached at lower edge to underlying connective tissue
   Basal lamina/basement membrane
2. Avascular, but innervated- Do not have blood vessels, but have nerve endings
3. Regeneration-undergo continual growth, high regenerative capacity

Question 15

basement membrane

Answer 15

Made by and found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Layer on which epithelia sit
Rich in glycoproteinsand collagen

Question 16

microvilli

Answer 16

Microvilli- increase surface area for membrane transport (absorption/secretion) and enzymatic activity needed at a cell’s apical surface

Question 17

cilia

Answer 17

Cilia- designed for motility. Epithelia that need to move substances past their surface (like mucous in the air passages) have cilia at apical membrane surface.

Question 18

keratin

Answer 18

fibrous structural protein in outermost layer of skin

Question 19

endothelium

Answer 19

cells in capillary

Question 20

endocrine glands

Answer 20

Endocrine glands- release their secretions into the blood stream

Question 21

exocrine glands

Answer 21

Exocrine glands- release their secretions in a duct that opens onto surface of skin, or onto epithelial layer/lining that communicates with outside world

Question 22

unicellular exocrine glands

Answer 22

Goblet cells and mucous cells
Secrete mucins (mucus)
Found scattered among other epithelial cells (columnar), typically in intestines and respiratory tracts

Question 23

multicellular exocrine glands

Answer 23

Have two parts, duct and secretory unit (the unfortunately named acinus, ass-in-us)

Modes of secretion
Merocrine- via exocytosis
Holocrine- cell ruptures!

Question 24

merocrine

Answer 24

Merocrine- secretion via exocytosis

Question 25

holocrine

Answer 25

Holocrine- secretion by cell ruptures

Question 26

tight junctions

Answer 26

Tight junctions- create tight seal across layer of cells; lipids of neighboring cells are interlocked via membrane proteins

Question 27

desmosomes

Answer 27

Desmosomes:anchoring junctions,fasteners, create strong sheets of cells, involve cadherins and attachment to intermediate filaments

Question 28

gap junctions

Answer 28

specialized pores, allow rapid communication between cells via the passage of ions and molecular messengers

Question 29

connective tissues

Answer 29

Represent the most abundant type of tissue by weight Bind structures together Provide support and protection Fill spaces in the body

Question 30

4 classes of connective tissue

Answer 30

Connective tissue proper (which includes 6 types) Cartilage (3 types) Bone Blood

Question 31

composition of connective tissue

Answer 31

Cells Fibers Ground substance The term Extracellular matrix = Ground substance + fibers; can vary tremendously in composition

Question 32

3 types of connective tissue fibers

Answer 32

Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers

Question 33

collagen fibers

Answer 33

Most numerous fibers in connective tissue, made of collagen Long, unbranched, rope-like Strong but bendable Tensile strength greater than steel! There are many different types of collagen

Question 34

reticular fibers

Answer 34

Thin, short, fine collagen fibers that form a branching network Found in soft organs such as the liver, spleen. Found around capillaries. Fibers provide support/meshwork for cells

Question 35

elastic fibers

Answer 35

Composed of elastin which is related to collagen, but much ‘stretchier’ Elastin fibers are highly ‘stretchable’; they can stretch to 1.5 times normal length, and can return to normal length when relaxed Where in the body might we find these fibers? What organs/tissues need to stretch?

Question 36

mesenchyme

Answer 36

All cells of connective tissue have a shared origin (precursor/stem cell) called mesenchymal cells, or mesenchyme tissue

Question 37

Fibroblasts

Answer 37

most abundant cell type; secrete protein fibers, ground substance and other proteins

Question 38

Proteoglycans

Answer 38

consist of a protein core with numerous, attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid GAGs are negatively charged, and thus ‘trap’ water and largely determine the consistency of ECF

Question 39

ground substance

Answer 39

Unstructured material that fills the spaces between cells and fibers Consistency of molasses, very viscous Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans Cell adhesion proteinss serve as glue for cells to attach to matrix Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with numerous, attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid GAGs are negatively charged, and thus ‘trap’ water and largely determine the consistency of ECF